Probing the Role of Catalytic Triad on the Cleavage between Intramolecular Chaperone and NK Mature Peptide

Abstract

Many proteases require the assistance of an intramolecular chaperone (IMC) that is essential for protein folding. Subtilisin is produced as a precursor that requires its N-terminal propeptide to act as an IMC to chaperone the folding of its subtilisin domain. During the precursor folding, the cleavage of the peptide bond between the IMC and the subtilisin domain is the most important and rate-limiting step, which leads to the structural reorganization of the subtilisin domain and IMC’s degradation. It is speculated that the cleavage is fulfilled by the nucleophilic attack of Ser221, with the assistance of Asp32 positioning the correct tautomer of His64 and His64 accepting a proton from Ser221. In this study, our results suggested that there was a different mechanism of cleavage of the peptide bond between the IMC and the subtilisin domain in nattokinase (NK), and the role of the NK catalytic triad on the cleavage was not consistent with the classical theory. This finding suggested that members of the subtilisin family had evolved different mechanisms to acquire their own active subtilisin efficiently.

A review of cosmetic skin delivery

“…48 Natural penetration enhancers currently being studied include essential oils, alkaloids, papain, terpenes, saponins, capsaicin, coumarins, and herbal extracts. 27,48,49 Essential oils are extracted from aromatic plants and contain many aromatic volatile compounds, consisting mainly of terpenes, terpenoids, and benzyl propane. Essential oils enter the stratum corneum to reduce barrier properties by increasing disorder, phase separation, and fluidization, interacting with intercellular lipids and helping compounds to enter the skin.…”

Lipidomics demonstrates the association of sex hormones with sebum

“…Lipidomics can conduct a comprehensive and systematic analysis of lipids, reveal the relationship between lipids and cells, organs, and bodies in physiology and pathology by identifying the structure and function of lipids 5 . In the past few years, we used lipidomics (Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography‐Quadrupole Time‐of‐Flight‐Mass Spectrometer, UPLC‐QTOF‐MS) to analyze the important role of lipids in different skin conditions 6–10 . Including acne vulgaris, sensitive muscles, etc., we found significant differences in SSL in different skin conditions 10–12 .…”

“…5 In the past few years, we used lipidomics (Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Quadrupole Time-of-Flight-Mass Spectrometer, UPLC-QTOF-MS) to analyze the important role of lipids in different skin conditions. [6][7][8][9][10] Including acne vulgaris, sensitive muscles, etc., we found significant differences in SSL in different skin conditions. [10][11][12] Importantly, when we studied the SSL of young men and women and middle-pregnancy women (without obvious skin diseases), we stumbled upon potential consistency in their lipid changes.…”

“…[6][7][8][9][10] Including acne vulgaris, sensitive muscles, etc., we found significant differences in SSL in different skin conditions. [10][11][12] Importantly, when we studied the SSL of young men and women and middle-pregnancy women (without obvious skin diseases), we stumbled upon potential consistency in their lipid changes. Through literature research and data analysis, we found that this phenomenon may be related to the level of sex hormones in the body.…”

Consistency changes of potential lipid markers in acne patients of different ages and their role in acne pathogenesis

“…In recent years, we not only used lipidomics to study the changes of SSL in different skin states, [8][9][10][11][12][13] but also compared the changes of SSL in acne patients in infants, 14 adolescents, 15 and young men. 16 We found that even in different age and gender groups, there are some commonalities in sebum changes in acne patients.…”