Probiotic Strains of Lactobacilli as Immunomodulators: Focus on Lactobacillus Rhamnosus Gg

Abstract

Probiotics have long been considered not only as a way of correcting intestinal dysbiosis but also as a promising immunomodulatory solution. Over the past years, the evidence base for their effectiveness in the prevention and treatment of immuneassociated human diseases has substantially increased, the previously described mechanisms were specified and new components of the immunocorrective effect of probiotic bacteria, including those belonging to the genus Lactobacillus, have been deciphered. The meta-analytical findings and systematic reviews leave no doubt about the advisability of using certain probiotics, primarily Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG), in children for the treatment and prevention of various forms of acute diarrhea, including those associated with the administration of antibacterial agents, as well as for the prevention of respiratory infections. The results of testing the strain to be used as an adjuvant vaccine and a way of preventing atopic dermatitis are encouraging. The review analyzes the specific characteristics of present-day children who are more susceptible to allergic and infectious diseases, effector molecules of lactobacilli and signaling pathways that ensure their immunomodulatory effect, the main areas of therapeutic and preventive application and safety of probiotics, with a focus on LGG as one of the most studied and tested strains. In addition, the clinical efficacy of the synbiotic Normobakt L, a combination of LGG (4 × 109) plus fructooligosaccharides (800 mg),which has been approved in Russia for use in children with rotavirus infection against a background of atopic dermatitis, is demonstrated

Bacteriocins Lactobacillus — an alternative to antimicrobial drugs

“…Most of the bacteriocins are small molecules with amphiphilic properties and high isoelectric points. The producent cells are resistant to the bacteriocins they produce due to the synthesis of specific immunity proteins [11,21].…”

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“…Most of the bacteriocins are small molecules with amphiphilic properties and high isoelectric points. The producent cells are resistant to the bacteriocins they produce due to the synthesis of specific immunity proteins [11,21].…”

“…Bacteriocins produced by the lactic acid bacteria are well known for their activity against Listeria monocytogenes, a common gram-positive pathogen which caused several outbreaks of foodborne disease in recent decades. In one of the classifications of bacteriocins there is a special class, which includes bacteriocins with the activity against Listeria [21]. The control of L. monocytogenes in food is a major challenge due to its ability to survive at low pH values, increased salt concentration and the presence of nitrites, which are harmful to most other pathogenic microorganisms in the production of dry fermented food.…”

Probiotics in the Modern World

“…Полезные микробы борются с патогенами и защищают организм хозяина, который является для них кормильцем и экологической нишей. В то же время в ходе длительной совместной эволюции эти микроорганизмы научились посылать хозяину сигналы толерантности, препятствующие их отторжению, а макроорганизм сформировал рецепторы для этих сигналов [30]. Поэтому полезные микроорганизмы не только обеспечивают свое количество в биотопах макроорганизма, но и блокируют избыточные иммунные реакции.…”

“…Пробиотики также усиливают образование антител (IgG, IgA, IgM) B-лимфоцитами, этот эффект усиливает иммунный ответ пациента на фоне инфекций и после вакцинаций [34]. Таким образом, полезные микроорганизмы способны потенцировать противоинфекционную защиту и параллельно блокировать избыточные иммунные реакции, которые могут лежать в основе аллергических и аутоиммунных заболеваний [30].…”