The combination of microbial reduction and further microbial oxidation of iron was applied to the treatment of food-processing wastewater and recovery of ammonium. Fe2+ ions were formed by iron-reducing bacteria under anaerobic conditions. Ammonium was recovered by co-precipitation with negatively charged iron hydroxides produced during oxidation of Fe2+ by iron-oxidizing bacteria under microaerophilic conditions. The value-added by-product of this process can be used as a slowly released ammonium fertilizer.

The review presents the characteristics of bacteria of the Lactobacillus family and their abi lity to synthesize various bacteriocins. The classification of bacteriocins of lactobacilli is given, which includes three classes: class I -lantibiotics (peptides with a molecular weight of less than 5 kDa, which contain lanthionine), class II -unmodified bacteriocins, also called nonlantibiotics (heat-resistant peptides , which do not contain lanthionine and have a molecular weight less than 10 kDa), and class III -a poorly studied group of thermolabile proteins with a molecular weight of more than 30 kDa. Lactobacilli are shown to synthesize a wide spectrum of bacteriocins, which demonstrate a variety of actions and are able to inhibit the growth of numerous species of opportunistic gram-positive microflora. The article also provides the examples of bacteriocins produced by Lactobacillus isolated from food products (fermented meat, fish, kombucha, goat milk, koumiss, etc.) and various human biotopes (microbiota of breast milk, intestinal tract and vaginal secretions). Additionally, the review shows the prospects of wide application of bacteriocins synthesized by Lactobacillus in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Newcastle disease is a global problem that is being recorded in most countries and also a serious obstacle to exchange of genetic material of poultry in various countries of the world. Control of the Newcastle disease comprises correct injection of efficacious vaccines so as to decrease or eliminate the clinical disease. Our goal was to perform comparative studies of the vaccines against Newcastle disease of water in oil type, the adjuvant being mineral oil mixed with emulsifiers (Span-80 and Tween-80) and ready-to-use adjuvant system (Montanide ISA 70), and study the impact of composition of adjuvant constituent on physical-chemical and immunogenic properties of inactivated vaccines. To reproduce virus-containing material and carried out titration of the viruses, we used chicken embryos free of pathogenic microflora. Aqueous phase for the preparation of emulsion-based vaccines of water in oil type consisted of antigen to Newcastle disease of La-Sota strain, manufactured by Biotestlab Ltd, and phosphate-saline buffer. To evaluate the effectiveness of the vaccine and induce immune response, we used 1-day old pathogen-free chickens, which were obtained from chicken embryos free of pathogenic microflora. As the positive control in the experiment, we used commercial vaccine. One-day chickens were divided into 3 groups (I, II, III) comprising 12 individuals each and one group (IV) consisting of 8 individuals as the control group with individual numeration. Chickens in groups I, II and III were divided into two subgroups (n = 8 and n = 4) to determine immunogenic efficiency and safety of the vaccine. Immunization was carried out through single subcutaneous injections in the region of the neck. To study immunogenic efficiency, the chickens were immunized with the dose of 0.1 mL (1 dose), and 0.2 mL (2 doses) to determine safety. After the immunization of 1-day old pathogen-free chickens with 0.1 mL dose, the obtained level of antibodies in the serum of vaccinated chickens on days 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 after the vaccination indicated the ability of provoking the immune response to Newcastle disease at high level and safety of the vaccination for chickens. All the recipes of the examined series of the vaccines and the commercial vaccine produced appropriate level of viscosity according to the criterion equaling ≤ 200 mm2/s at Р <0.05, promoting fluidity of the vaccine and providing easier passage through the needle during the application. Both of the studied vaccines may be used in poultry farming for prophylaxis of Newcastle disease among chickens.

The article presents a range analysis of the registered immunobiological preparations on Ukrainian market with a emphasis on inactivated vaccines against Newcastle Disease in poultry, as well as the results of comparative immunogenic efficacy evaluation of inactivated vaccines of domestic manufacturer Biotestlab Ltd and products of importer manufacturer. According to the List of Veterinary Immunobiological Preparations, 594 veterinary immunobiological preparations are registered in Ukraine as at October 5, 2020 where 84 of them are live and inactivated vaccines against Newcastle Disease in poultry. These vaccines are mono- and polyvalent and represent 14.1 % of the total number of immunobiological preparations. Inactivated vaccines against Newcastle disease are represented by 35 preparations, which is 5.9 % of total quantity and where 23 % are monovalent and 77 % are polyvalent - in which a component against Newcastle disease are one of the valent. According to the results of comparative studies of mono- and polyvalent vaccines against Newcastle disease of domestic manufacturer «Biotestlab» Ltd and vaccines of the importers was found that all studied drugs are immunogenic and provide protection of poultry sector against Newcastle disease.

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