Probiotics and Paraprobiotics in Viral Infection: Clinical Application and Effects on the Innate and Acquired Immune Systems

Abstract

Recently, the risk of viral infection has dramatically increased owing to changes in human ecology such as global warming and an increased geographical movement of people and goods. Howev-er, the efficacy of vaccines and remedies for infectious diseases is limited by the high mutation rates of viruses, especially, RNA viruses. Here, we comprehensively review the effectiveness of several probiot-ics and paraprobiotics (sterilized probiotics) for the prevention or treatment of virally-induced infectious diseases. We discuss the unique roles of these agents in modulating the cross-talk between commensal bacteria and the mucosal immune system. In addition, we provide an overview of the unique mechanism by which viruses are eliminated through the stimulation of type 1 interferon production by probiotics and paraprobiotics via the activation of dendritic cells. Although further detailed research is necessary in the future, probiotics and/or paraprobiotics are expected to be among the rational adjunctive options for the treatment of various viral diseases.

Postbiotics against Pathogens Commonly Involved in Pediatric Infectious Diseases

“…Recently, new terms such as postbiotics, paraprobiotics, metabiotics, proteobiotics, pharmabiotics, and ghost probiotics have emerged [ 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ]. Interestingly, evidence from the literature suggests that by using the term postbiotics, one refers to either inactivated probiotic strains or their metabolic products or both.…”

Safety Evaluation of Excessive Intake of <i>Lactococcus lactis</i> Subsp. <i>lactis</i> JCM 5805: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group Trial

“…Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been traditionally used in the production of fermented foods, such as yogurt and cheese, and are regarded as highly safe food materials. It is reported that LAB have many health functions, such as the regulation of intestinal cells, immune cells and microbiota, and they have been used in the production of many functional health foods [1] [2]. We previously found that Lactococcus lactis strain Plasma (LC-Plasma), which is a synonym of Lactococcus lactis subsp.…”

Depressive Disorders and Incidence of COVID-19: Is There a Correlation and Management Interference?

“…Probiotics means a living micro-organisms that allow a health benefit to the host, including the gastrointestinal tract, when administered in a suitable amount which stimulate immune response by increasing the antibody production [51,52].…”