Probiotics and Prebiotics

Tomasik, Przemysław; Tomasik, Piotr

doi:10.1094/cchem.2003.80.2.113

Cited by 129 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…8,9 Probiotics exert several protective effects by altering the mucosal immune response resulting in less inflammation, prevention of colonization by intestinal pathogens, improving the intestinal epithelial barrier, stimulation of antiinflammatory cytokine production (such as IL-10 and TGF-β), and secretion of antibacterial substances. 10 Probiotics may be useful in the treatment of several conditions, including diarrhea, atopic dermatitis, necrotizing enterocolitis, food intolerance, constipation, UC, and chronic pouchitis.…”

Section: Probioticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prebiotics in Chronic Intestinal Inflammation

Langen

Dieleman

2009

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

162

107

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Prebiotics are nondigestible fermentable fibers that are reported to have health benefits for the host. Older as well as more recent studies show beneficial effects in experimental colitis and lately also in human inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), such as Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and chronic pouchitis. In this review we give an overview of the benefits of prebiotics in rodent IBD models and in IBD patients and discuss their possible protective mechanisms. Commensal intestinal bacteria induce and perpetuate chronic intestinal inflammation, whereas others are protective. However, most of the current medications are directed against the exaggerated proinflammatory immune response of the host, some of them toxic and costly. Feeding prebiotics changes the composition of the intestinal microflora toward more protective intestinal bacteria and alters systemic and mucosal immune responses of the host. Therapy for IBD targeting intestinal bacteria and their function is just emerging. Prebiotics have the promise to be relatively safe, inexpensive, and easy to administer. Unraveling their protective mechanisms will help to develop rational applications of prebiotics. However, the initial promising results with dietary prebiotics in preclinical trials as well as small studies in human IBD will need to be confirmed in large randomized controlled clinical trials. Keywords ulcerative colitis; Crohn's disease; prebiotics; bifidobacteria; lactobacilli The incidence and prevalence of chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), such as Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are increasing in the developed northern hemisphere. Bernstein et al 1 recently published data that showed that Canada has the highest incidence and prevalence of CD thus far reported. The incidence rate for CD ranged from 8.8-20.2 per 100,000 and the prevalence ranged from 161-319 per 100,000. The incidence and prevalence of UC was lower, ranging from 9.9-19.5 and 162-249 per 100,000, respectively. Approximately 0.5% of the Canadian population has IBD. Several studies concerning the pathogenesis of IBD indicate that a combination of factors such as genetic susceptibility, intestinal microflora, dietary factors, intestinal barrier dysfunction, and an abnormal immune response to intestinal bacteria lead to chronic intestinal inflammation. CIHR Author Manuscript CIHR Author Manuscript CIHR Author Manuscript Current IBD TherapeuticsThe current medical armamentarium to treat UC and CD consists of 5-aminosalicylic acid (ASA) compounds, corticosteroids, azathioprine/6-mercaptopurine, methotrexate, and cyclosporine. Recently several biologics have been added to this list. 5 Most patients respond well to these therapies, but for some patients it is still inadequate and/or induces intolerable and serious side effects. In addition, the current therapies are mostly directed against the overly aggressive adaptive immune response of the host, but fail to correct potential environmental triggers such as the intestinal microflora that induces a...

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Section: Probioticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prebiotics in Chronic Intestinal Inflammation

Langen

Dieleman

2009

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

162

107

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“…A prebiotic is 'a non-digestible food ingredient that beneficially affects the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of one or a limited number of bacteria in the colon that have the potential to improve host health' [4]. It is generally accepted that mainly the growth of bacteria from the genera Lactobacillus or Bifidobacterium should be increased [28]. Examples of non-digestible oligosaccharides (NDOs), that can act as prebiotic, are fructo-oligosaccharides, α-galacto-oligosaccharides, β-galacto-oligosaccharides, and xylo-oligosaccharides [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glycosyl hydrolases from Bifidobacterium adolescentis DSM20083. An overview

Broek

Hinz

Beldman

et al. 2005

Lait

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-It is claimed that bifidobacteria have several health-promoting effects. To increase the amount of bifidobacteria in the colon the concept of probiotics and/or prebiotics can be applied. Bifidobacterium adolescentis is one of the main species of bifidobacteria in the gastro-intestinal tract of human adults. B. adolescentis is able to degrade a wide range of oligosaccharides and a number of glycosyl hydrolases have been characterized in detail. The hydrolytic activity of the glycosyl hydrolases from B. adolescentis toward prebiotics like arabinoxylan-oligosaccharides, isomalto-oligosaccharides, arabinogalactan, and sucrose-based oligosaccharides (raffinose, stachyose, and fructo-oligosaccharides) is reviewed. Alternatively, some of these glycosyl hydrolases are able to catalyze transglycosylation, which allows them to elongate oligosaccharides and to prepare potentially prebiotic oligosaccharides. Such oligosaccharides might be used to influence the microbial composition in the more distal parts of the colon. In nature, not all enzyme-substrate encounters are transglycosylating. So, the hydrolytic activity of the enzyme makes the oligosaccharide elongation less efficient than desired. Site-directed mutagenesis was applied to improve the transglycosylation reaction of the α-galactosidase from B. adolescentis.Bifidobacterium / prebiotic / glycosyl hydrolase / transglycosylation / site-directed mutagenesis Résumé -Les glycosyl hydrolases de Bifidobacterium adolescentis DSM20083. Il est affirmé que les bifidobactéries ont des propriétés bénéfiques sur la santé. Pour augmenter la teneur en bifidobactéries au niveau du colon, le concept de probiotiques et/ou prébiotiques peut être appliqué. Bifidobacterium adolescentis est l'une des principales espèces de bifidobactéries dans le tractus gastro-intestinal des adultes. Certaines des glycosyl hydrolases de B. adolescentis ont été caractérisées en détail et elles semblent dégrader un large éventail d'oligosaccharides. L'activité d'hydrolyse des glycosyl hydrolases de B. adolescentis envers des prébiotiques tels que les arabino-xylanes, isomaltooligosaccharides, arabino-galactanes et les oligosaccharides contenant du saccharose (raffinose, stachyose et fructo-oligosaccharides) est passée en revue. De plus, certaines de ces glycosyl hydrolases peuvent être utilisées pour préparer des oligosaccharides prébiotiques potentiels par transglycosylation, ce qui permet d'allonger les oligosaccharides. De tels oligosaccharides peuvent être utilisés pour influencer la composition microbienne au niveau des parties plus distales du colon. Les produits de rencontre enzymes-substrates ne sont pas tous transglycosylés naturellement et l'activité d'hydrolyse de l'enzyme entraîne une élongation de l'oligosaccharide moindre que celle désirée. La mutagenèse dirigée a été appliquée pour améliorer la réaction de transglycosylation de l'α-galactosidase de B. adolescentis. Bifidobacterium

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“…The scientific literature available so far suggests that the ability to metabolize XOS in vitro may be a rare trait among LAB (14,15), while evidence for AXOS utilization by LAB has, to our knowledge, not been presented at all. This knowledge gap is unfortunate, as LAB can be part of the beneficial intestinal microbiota as well (16). Further, LAB are ubiquitously present in fermentations of hemicellulose (AX)-rich cereals (17)(18)(19), and it is important to understand the LAB metabolism associated with such materials.…”

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confidence: 99%

Arabinoxylan Oligosaccharide Hydrolysis by Family 43 and 51 Glycosidases from Lactobacillus brevis DSM 20054

Michlmayr

Hell

Lorenz

et al. 2013

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Due to their potential prebiotic properties, arabinoxylan-derived oligosaccharides [(A)XOS] are of great interest as functional food and feed ingredients. While the (A)XOS metabolism of Bifidobacteriaceae has been extensively studied, information regarding lactic acid bacteria (LAB) is still limited in this context. The aim of the present study was to fill this important gap by characterizing candidate (A)XOS hydrolyzing glycoside hydrolases (GHs) identified in the genome of Lactobacillus brevis DSM 20054. Two putative GH family 43 xylosidases (XynB1 and XynB2) and a GH family 43 arabinofuranosidase (Abf3) were heterologously expressed and characterized. While the function of XynB1 remains unclear, XynB2 could efficiently hydrolyze xylooligosaccharides. Abf3 displayed high specific activity for arabinobiose but could not release arabinose from an (A)XOS preparation. However, two previously reported GH 51 arabinofuranosidases from Lb. brevis were able to specifically remove ␣-1,3-linked arabinofuranosyl residues from arabino-xylooligosaccharides (AXHm3 specificity). These results imply that Lb. brevis is at least genetically equipped with functional enzymes in order to hydrolyze the depolymerization products of (arabino)xylans and arabinans. The distribution of related genes in Lactobacillales genomes indicates that GH 43 and, especially, GH 51 glycosidase genes are rare among LAB and mainly occur in obligately heterofermentative Lactobacillus spp., Pediococcus spp., members of the Leuconostoc/Weissella branch, and Enterococcus spp. Apart from the prebiotic viewpoint, this information also adds new perspectives on the carbohydrate (i.e., pentose-oligomer) metabolism of LAB species involved in the fermentation of hemicellulose-containing substrates.

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Probiotics and Prebiotics

Cited by 129 publications

References 53 publications

Prebiotics in Chronic Intestinal Inflammation

Prebiotics in Chronic Intestinal Inflammation

Glycosyl hydrolases from Bifidobacterium adolescentis DSM20083. An overview

Arabinoxylan Oligosaccharide Hydrolysis by Family 43 and 51 Glycosidases from Lactobacillus brevis DSM 20054

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