Probiotics in Extraintestinal Diseases: Current Trends and New Directions

Kiousi, Despoina Eugenia; Karapetsas, Athanasios; Karolidou, Kyriaki; Panayiotidis, Mihalis Ι.; Pappa, Aglaia; Galanis, Αlex

doi:10.3390/nu11040788

Cited by 59 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 143 publications

(153 reference statements)

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“…Restoring a balanced gut microbiota is considered as a therapeutic tool for various diseases, including OP [ 695 , 730 , 731 , 732 , 733 , 734 , 735 , 736 , 737 ]. Recent studies showed that probiotic and prebiotic supplementation increases bone density in healthy individuals, protects against primary and secondary OP [ 687 , 695 , 699 , 734 , 738 , 739 , 740 ] and exerts beneficial effects in many other extra-digestive diseases [ 740 ]. However, despite the established impact of the gut microbiota on host (patho-) physiology, the potential roles of HPI- and medications-induced gut dysbiosis is not mentioned in current guidelines for OP.…”

Section: Clinical Implications and Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Helicobacter pylori Related Diseases and Osteoporotic Fractures (Narrative Review)

Fisher

Smith

2020

JCM

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Osteoporosis (OP) and osteoporotic fractures (OFs) are common multifactorial and heterogenic disorders of increasing incidence. Helicobacter pylori (H.p.) colonizes the stomach approximately in half of the world’s population, causes gastroduodenal diseases and is prevalent in numerous extra-digestive diseases known to be associated with OP/OF. The studies regarding relationship between H.p. infection (HPI) and OP/OFs are inconsistent. The current review summarizes the relevant literature on the potential role of HPI in OP, falls and OFs and highlights the reasons for controversies in the publications. In the first section, after a brief overview of HPI biological features, we analyze the studies evaluating the association of HPI and bone status. The second part includes data on the prevalence of OP/OFs in HPI-induced gastroduodenal diseases (peptic ulcer, chronic/atrophic gastritis and cancer) and the effects of acid-suppressive drugs. In the next section, we discuss the possible contribution of HPI-associated extra-digestive diseases and medications to OP/OF, focusing on conditions affecting both bone homeostasis and predisposing to falls. In the last section, we describe clinical implications of accumulated data on HPI as a co-factor of OP/OF and present a feasible five-step algorithm for OP/OF risk assessment and management in regard to HPI, emphasizing the importance of an integrative (but differentiated) holistic approach. Increased awareness about the consequences of HPI linked to OP/OF can aid early detection and management. Further research on the HPI–OP/OF relationship is needed to close current knowledge gaps and improve clinical management of both OP/OF and HPI-related disorders.

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Section: Clinical Implications and Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Helicobacter pylori Related Diseases and Osteoporotic Fractures (Narrative Review)

Fisher

Smith

2020

JCM

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“…The composition of the gut microflora has been associated with the initiation and progression of cancer, as well as the effectiveness of the treatment. These effects are mediated through the modulation of anti-tumour immune responses, and are observed in a variety of tumours, not only in the gut but also in distant tissues [17][18][19][20][21]. Disruption in the balanced interplay between microbiota and the immune system, due to alterations of the microbial composition and over-abundance of certain species, results in the establishment of chronic inflammation or local immunosuppression, and eventually neoplasia [18,[22][23][24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulation of Anti-Tumour Immune Responses by Probiotic Bacteria

Aindelis

Chlichlia

2020

Vaccines

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There is a growing amount of evidence to support the beneficial role of a balanced intestinal microbiota, or distinct members thereof, in the manifestation and progression of malignant tumours, not only in the gastrointestinal tract but also in distant tissues as well. Intriguingly, bacterial species have been demonstrated to be indispensable modulatory agents of widely-used immunotherapeutic or chemotherapeutic regiments. However, the exact contribution of commensal bacteria to immunity, as well as to neoplasia formation and response to treatment, has not been fully elucidated, and most of the current knowledge acquired from animal models has yet to be translated to human subjects. Here, recent advances in understanding the interaction of gut microbes with the immune system and the modulation of protective immune responses to cancer, either naturally or in the context of widely-used treatments, are reviewed, along with the implications of these observations for future therapeutic approaches. In this regard, bacterial species capable of facilitating optimal immune responses against cancer have been surveyed. According to the findings summarized here, we suggest that strategies incorporating probiotic bacteria and/or modulation of the intestinal microbiota can be used as immune adjuvants, aiming to optimize the efficacy of cancer immunotherapies and conventional anti-tumour treatments.

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“…The use of probiotics is now widespread both for intestinal and extraintestinal disorders, especially in pediatrics [ 3 , 22 , 23 ]. A recent statement of the Working Group on Probiotics and Prebiotics of the European Society of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Pediatric Nutrition (ESPGHAN) [ 1 ] recommends the use of some probiotic strains for the prevention of AAD.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Limosilactobacillus reuteri LRE02–Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus LR04 Combination on Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea in a Pediatric Population: A National Survey

Drago

Meroni

Chiaretti

et al. 2020

JCM

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Probiotics are living microorganisms, which, upon oral ingestion, may prevent antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) through the normalization of an unbalanced gastrointestinal flora. The objective of this study was to evaluate the benefits of a probiotic combination (Limosilactibacillus reuteri LRE02-DSM 23878 and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus LR04-DSM 16605) on the prevention of AAD in an outpatient pediatric setting. Questionnaires were delivered to pediatricians by each patient/parent during the visits after antibiotics and probiotics treatment to monitor physiological parameters. The primary outcome of both groups (probiotics and no probiotics treated) was the evaluation of the prevalence of AAD between the two groups. Evaluation of stool consistency using the Bristol Stool Scale (BSS) score was performed, as well as the evaluation of AAD duration, frequencies of daily evacuation, and the beginning of diarrhea and weight loss during AAD in both groups and related to antibiotic categories. Results indicated that probiotics, at the recommended dosage of 1.2 × 109 CFU (Colony Forming Unit) per day for 30 days, are associated with lower rates of AAD and a decreased number of days with diarrhea, independent of the type of antibiotic used. Moreover, the use of probiotics resulted in a normal stool consistency in a shorter time period, as evaluated by the BSS.

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Probiotics in Extraintestinal Diseases: Current Trends and New Directions

Cited by 59 publications

References 143 publications

Helicobacter pylori Related Diseases and Osteoporotic Fractures (Narrative Review)

Helicobacter pylori Related Diseases and Osteoporotic Fractures (Narrative Review)

Modulation of Anti-Tumour Immune Responses by Probiotic Bacteria

Effect of Limosilactobacillus reuteri LRE02–Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus LR04 Combination on Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea in a Pediatric Population: A National Survey

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