Probiotics in the Prevention of the Calcium Oxalate Urolithiasis

Abstract

Nephrolithiasis ranks third among urological diseases in terms of prevalence, making up about 15% of cases. The continued increase in the incidence of nephrolithiasis is most probably due to changes in eating habits (high protein, sodium, and sugar diets) and lifestyle (reduced physical activity) in all developed countries. Some 80% of all kidney stones cases are oxalate urolithiasis, which is also characterized by the highest risk of recurrence. Frequent relapses of nephrolithiasis contribute to severe complications and high treatment costs. Unfortunately, there is no known effective way to prevent urolithiasis at present. In cases of diet-related urolithiasis, dietary changes may prevent recurrence. However, in some patients, the condition is unrelated to diet; in such cases, there is evidence to support the use of stone-related medications. Interestingly, a growing body of evidence indicates the potential of the microbiome to reduce the risk of developing renal colic. Previous studies have primarily focused on the use of Oxalobacterformigenes in patients with urolithiasis. Unfortunately, this bacterium is not an ideal probiotic due to its antibiotic sensitivity and low pH. Therefore, subsequent studies sought to find bacteria which are capable of oxalate degradation, focusing on well-known probiotics including Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains, Eubacterium lentum, Enterococcus faecalis, and Escherichia coli.

Atorvastatin Decreases Renal Calcium Oxalate Stone Deposits by Enhancing Renal Osteopontin Expression in Hyperoxaluric Stone-Forming Rats Fed a High-Fat Diet

“…Besides, the different chemical characteristics of oxalic acid and citrate, including solubility and dissociation constants, could be the possible cause of the conversion of CaOx to CaP. Urinary oxalic acid and citrate metabolism interact, though the mechanism is still uncertain, and can be influenced by several factors, including hyperuricemia, urinary upper metastable limit osmolality, and the microbiota [ 30 , 31 , 32 ]. Although we could not demonstrate an increase in urinary pH in the present study, we found that renal OPN expression significantly increased after statin treatment.…”

Biological Extraction, HPLC Quantification and Medical Applications of Astaxanthin Extracted from Crawfish “Procambarus clarkii” Exoskeleton By-Product

“…The two bacterial probiotics and C. utilis are approved for human consumption by FDA [ 26 , 27 ] in addition, S. cerevisiae is classified as biosafety level 1 [ 28 ]. Thus, no biosecurity-related problems will occur as long as the standard microbiological practices are followed.…”

The Complex Role of Lactic Acid Bacteria in Food Detoxification

“…rhamnosus GG diminishes the oxalates content of food in vitro. Currently, a number of probiotics are developed to prevent calcium oxalate urolithiasis [ 338 ].…”