Probiotics, Photobiomodulation, and Disease Management: Controversies and Challenges

Abstract

In recent decades, researchers around the world have been studying intensively how micro-organisms that are present inside living organisms could affect the main processes of life, namely health and pathological conditions of mind or body. They discovered a relationship between the whole microbial colonization and the initiation and development of different medical disorders. Besides already known probiotics, novel products such as postbiotics and paraprobiotics have been developed in recent years to create new non-viable micro-organisms or bacterial-free extracts, which can provide benefits to the host with additional bioactivity to probiotics, but without the risk of side effects. The best alternatives in the use of probiotics and postbiotics to maintain the health of the intestinal microbiota and to prevent the attachment of pathogens to children and adults are highlighted and discussed as controversies and challenges. Updated knowledge of the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the balance between microbiota and immune system for the introspection on the gut–lung–brain axis could reveal the latest benefits and perspectives of applied photobiomics for health. Multiple interconditioning between photobiomodulation (PBM), probiotics, and the human microbiota, their effects on the human body, and their implications for the management of viral infectious diseases is essential. Coupled complex PBM and probiotic interventions can control the microbiome, improve the activity of the immune system, and save the lives of people with immune imbalances. There is an urgent need to seek and develop innovative treatments to successfully interact with the microbiota and the human immune system in the coronavirus crisis. In the near future, photobiomics and metabolomics should be applied innovatively in the SARS-CoV-2 crisis (to study and design new therapies for COVID-19 immediately), to discover how bacteria can help us through adequate energy biostimulation to combat this pandemic, so that we can find the key to the hidden code of communication between RNA viruses, bacteria, and our body.

Probiotics as the live microscopic fighters against Helicobacter pylori gastric infections

“…According to the literature, H. pylori infection significantly affects the gastric microenvironment by several changes including DNA instability, disruption of NF-κB signaling pathway, as well as differentiation of autoreactive B cells and subsequent malignant transformation by genomic alternations [ 132 , 133 ]. In general, the use of probiotics effectively modulates immune responses, reduces gastritis by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines, and ultimately prevents H. pylori -induced gastric malignancies [ 134 – 136 ].…”

Probiotic Supplements: Their Strategies in the Therapeutic and Prophylactic of Human Life-Threatening Diseases

“…It has been shown that the gut microbiome affects susceptibility to asthma, lung allergic responses, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [ 41 , 127 ]. Probiotics and their mechanisms of action in the prevention and treating respiratory diseases could be beneficial in the COVID-19 pandemic [ 128 ].…”

Von der Laserakupunktur zur Photobiomodulation — Highlights der Grundlagenforschung

“…In den letzten Jahrzehnten haben Forschende auf der ganzen Welt intensiv untersucht, wie Mikroorganismen, die in lebenden Organismen vorkommen, die wichtigsten Lebensprozesse beeinflussen können [ 6 ]. Sie entdeckten einen Zusammenhang zwischen der gesamten mikrobiellen Besiedlung und der Initiierung und Entwicklung verschiedener biologischer Störungen.…”

“…Neben bereits bekannten Probiotika wurden in den letzten Jahren neuartige Produkte wie Postbiotika und Paraprobiotika entwickelt, um neue nicht lebensfähige Mikroorganismen oder bakterienfreie Extrakte zu schaffen, die mit zusätzlicher Bioaktivität gegenüber Probiotika Vorteile bringen können, dies jedoch ohne hohes Risiko von Nebenwirkungen. Die multiple Interkonditionierung zwischen PBM, Probiotika und der menschlichen Mikrobiota, ihre Auswirkungen auf den menschlichen Körper und ihre Auswirkungen auf die Behandlung viraler Infektionskrankheiten sind von wesentlicher Bedeutung [ 6 ]. Gekoppelte komplexe PBM- und probiotische Interventionen können das Mikrobiom kontrollieren, die Aktivität des Immunsystems verbessern und das Leben von Menschen mit Immunstörungen retten.…”