Problems encountered with floating photovoltaic systems under real conditions: A new FPV concept and novel solutions

Kaymak, Mustafa Kemal; Sahin, Ahmet Z.

doi:10.1016/j.seta.2021.101504

Cited by 16 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Because Büyükçekmece Lake is subject to strong northerly and southerly winds which can gust up to 43 m/s, the hybrid type of FPVs is a better option. The installed 90 kWp array, which is referred to here as a semi‐flexible configuration, is presented in Figure 2A, and 3D drawings and a general view of the 30 kWp system, called a fully flexible configuration, 14 are provided in Figure 2B. These hybrid FPV systems were newly designed and installed for the first time on such an open water setting (Figure 2A,B).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The solar energy systems that were installed for this study (resulting in failure of the system as a whole when cables were severed), and bird droppings, which reduced the capacity of the panels to produce electricity (Figure 6). 14 The monthly generation levels are given in Table 3 and the daily generation amounts for each month for the same periods of time for both systems are given in The total amount of energy generation in June was 5211 kWh for the TPV system and 5182, 5199, and 5202 kWh for the FPV systems. The total amount of energy produced in July (covering four days) was 788 kWh for the TPV system and 666, 695, and 728 for the FPV systems.…”

Section: Comparisons Of the 90 Kwp Fpv And Tpv Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All the same, the installation of an FPV system on the lake comes with its own challenges, as the strong winds that often blow through the area have the potential to generate turbulent wave action (Figure 1). As a result of strong winds, waves measuring 1.5 to 3.0 m in height can develop on the lake; additional details about wave heights and wave loads are provided in Reference 14.…”

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…13 Kaymak and S ¸ahin provide a comprehensive description of the impacts of atmospheric effects and rough waves on FPV systems. 14 All the same, in considering FPV systems one particularly notable point is that while a large number of conceptual designs have been drawn up and a sizable amount of research has been carried out, field studies are quite rare.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As for sea‐based systems, there are no standard designs for FPVs installed on the open sea because of wave action, and for the most part, FPVs are installed near coastlines and in areas sheltered from waves and other meteorological phenomena 13 . Kaymak and Şahin provide a comprehensive description of the impacts of atmospheric effects and rough waves on FPV systems 14 . All the same, in considering FPV systems one particularly notable point is that while a large number of conceptual designs have been drawn up and a sizable amount of research has been carried out, field studies are quite rare.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Floating and terrestrial photovoltaic systems comparison under extreme weather conditions

Kaymak

Sahin

2022

Intl J of Energy Research

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Greenhouse gas emissions are primarily caused by the exploitation of fossil fuels as an energy source, and one way to reduce those emissions is to utilize renewable energies such as solar irradiation conversion. In the city of Istanbul, two Floating Photovoltaic (FPV) prototypes were installed in 2016 on Büyükçekmece Lake, a large body of water that supplies fresh water to the city, as a means of both reducing evaporation loss and generating electricity. The systems had capacities of 90 and 30 kWp, respectively. Additionally, a 30 kWp capacity Terrestrial Photovoltaic (TPV) system was installed to facilitate a comparison of electricity generation between the systems. FPV systems, which have been hailed as new alternatives to TPVs, are generally set up on calm bodies of water. Büyükçekmece Lake, however, is open to severe weather conditions, including wind-driven waves that can reach heights of 1.5 to 3.0 m, which can lead to unbalanced load distributions on FPVs and damage to the systems. Of the two systems that were installed, one of them had a semiflexible frame, but that prototype ultimately failed as a result of wave action. However, a new design referred to here as a "fully flexible FPV system," held up under the severe conditions on the lake. The total amount of electricity generated by the first 90 kWp FPV system was approximately 17 400 kWh and the capacity factor was around 42% for a period of 467 hours between May 19, 2017 and July 4, 2017. Between November 21, 2018 and December 22, 2018, the second FPV system generated 309 kWh, while the TPV had an output of 365 kWh. The capacity factors for the systems were calculated as 14.51% and 17.15%, respectively. The most important finding of these studies concerns in order for FPV systems to operate safely in severe weather conditions that can result in unbalanced load distributions, the units that comprise the system must be able to float independently, and the system connections must be flexible. Moreover, based on the measured values it was found that in terms of electricity output, neither FPVs nor TPVs have a major advantage when compared to each other.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Comparisons Of the 90 Kwp Fpv And Tpv Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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