Problems with residual analysis

Darlington, Richard B.; Smulders, Tom V.

doi:10.1006/anbe.2001.1806

Cited by 129 publications

(115 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Typical indexes attempt to control for body size by taking simple ratios (mass divided by the cube of body size), slope-adjusted ratios (slope of log(body mass) on log(body size)) or residuals (Jakob et al 1996). All of these indexes have been criticized, largely because the true relationship between the two variables is unknown a priori, and each method introduces assumptions that may not be biologically or statistically justified (see Jakob et al 1996;Kotiaho 1999;Packard & Boardman 1999;Green 2000;Darlington & Smulders 2001;García-Bertou 2001). To confound matters, there is no assurance that fresh weight is always a good indicator of fat reserves, or that fat reserves are a good indicator of fitness.…”

Section: What Is Condition?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Do sexual ornaments demonstrate heightened condition-dependent expression as predicted by the handicap hypothesis?

Cotton

Fowler

Pomiankowski

2004

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B

574

681

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The handicap hypothesis of sexual selection predicts that sexual ornaments have evolved heightened condition-dependent expression. The prediction has only recently been subject to experimental investigation. Many of the experiments are of limited value as they: (i) fail to compare condition dependence in sexual ornaments with suitable non-sexual trait controls; (ii) do not adequately account for body size variation; and (iii) typically consider no stress and extreme stress manipulations rather than a range of stresses similar to those experienced in nature. There is also a dearth of experimental studies investigating the genetic basis of condition dependence. Despite the common claim that sexual ornaments are conditiondependent, the unexpected conclusion from our literature review is that there is little support from welldesigned experiments.

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Section: What Is Condition?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Do sexual ornaments demonstrate heightened condition-dependent expression as predicted by the handicap hypothesis?

Cotton

Fowler

Pomiankowski

2004

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B

574

681

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“…The resulting partial regression coefficients express the relationships between dewlap size and bite force, with body size effects statistically removed [54]. This approach is analogous to residual analysis but has the advantage of not losing a degree of freedom ( [43,55]; see [21,56] for examples). Separate multiple regressions were conducted for the restricted and unrestricted diet treatments.…”

Section: (C) Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A performance-based cost to honest signalling in male green anole lizards (Anolis carolinensis)

2012

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Sexual signals are considered costly to produce and maintain under the handicap paradigm, and the reliability of signals is in turn thought to be maintained by these costs. Although previous studies have investigated the costly nature of signal production, few have considered whether honesty might be maintained not by the costliness of the signal itself, but by the costs involved in producing the signalled trait. If such a trait is itself costly to produce, then the burden of energetic investment may fall disproportionately on that trait, in addition to any costs of signal maintenance that may also be operating. Under limited resource conditions, these costs may therefore be great enough to disrupt an otherwise reliable signal-to-trait relationship. We present experimental evidence showing that dietary restriction decouples the otherwise honest relationship between a signal (dewlap size) and a whole-organism performance trait (bite force) in young adult male Anolis carolinensis lizards. Specifically, while investment in dewlap size is sustained under low-resource condition relative to the high-resource treatment, investment in bite force is substantially lower. Disruption of the otherwise honest dewlap size to bite force relationship is therefore driven by costs associated with the expression of performance rather than the costs of signal production in A. carolinensis .

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“…We also ran separate tests for Unambiguous and Borderline ARL, given that they were not necessarily expected to relate to disinhibition in the same way. Where change in ARL was the dependent variable, it was quantified in four different ways [49]: (a) absolute change in ARL frequency (EE-NEE), (b) relative change in ARL frequency (EE/NEE), (c) residual change in ARL frequency (residuals of a regression of ARL in EE on ARL in NEE), and (d) we also ran the GLM with ARL in EE as the dependent variable and ARL in NEE as a covariate, which is conceptually equivalent to residual analysis, but avoids problems associated with this approach [72,73]. When testing for the effects of recurrent perseveration, all three indices (see above) were tested separately.…”

Section: Statistical Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recurrent perseveration correlates with abnormal repetitive locomotion in adult mink but is not reduced by environmental enrichment

Ahloy‐Dallaire

Meagher

Díez-León

et al. 2011

Behavioural Brain Research

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a b s t r a c tWe analysed the relationship between abnormal repetitive behaviour (ARB), the presence/absence of environmental enrichment, and two types of behavioural disinhibition in farmed American mink, Neovison vison. The first type, recurrent perseveration, the inappropriate repetition of already completed responses, was assessed using three indices of excessive response repetition and patterning in a biascorrected serial two-choice guessing task. The second type, disinhibition of prepotent responses to reward cues, a form of impulsivity, was tested in a locomotive detour task adapted from primate reaching tasks: subjects were required to walk around, rather than directly into, a transparent barrier behind which food was visible. In older adult females, recurrent perseveration positively predicted pre-feeding abnormal repetitive locomotion (ARL) in Non-enriched housing. High-ARL subjects also performed repeated (same-choice) responses more rapidly than low-ARL animals, even when statistically controlling for alternated (different-choice) response latency. Mink performed much less ARL following transfer to Enriched housing, but there was no corresponding change in recurrent perseveration. Thus, elevated recurrent perseveration is not sufficient for frequent ARL; and while captive environments do determine ARL frequency, in mink, they do not necessarily do so by modifying levels of perseveration. Disinhibition of prepotent responses to reward cues, meanwhile, did not predict ARL. In a separate sample of differentially housed young adults, neither type of behavioural disinhibition predicted ARL, and again, whether or not housing was enriched did not affect behavioural disinhibition despite affecting ARL. Thus, the relationship between recurrent perseveration and ARB may only develop with age; longitudinal studies are now required for confirmation.

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Problems with residual analysis

Cited by 129 publications

References 4 publications

Do sexual ornaments demonstrate heightened condition-dependent expression as predicted by the handicap hypothesis?

Do sexual ornaments demonstrate heightened condition-dependent expression as predicted by the handicap hypothesis?

A performance-based cost to honest signalling in male green anole lizards (Anolis carolinensis)

Recurrent perseveration correlates with abnormal repetitive locomotion in adult mink but is not reduced by environmental enrichment

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