Proboscidea

Sanders, William J.; Gheerbrant, Emmanuel; Harris, John; Saegusa, Haruo; Delmer, Cyrille

doi:10.1525/california/9780520257214.003.0015

Cited by 102 publications

(144 citation statements)

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“…Deinotheriids are extinct proboscideans that had two downward-curving tusks in the lower jaw, and they are relatively rare throughout the record. From the δ 13 C values available (Table 1), it appears that they maintain a C 3 diet throughout the record, in agreement with previous interpretations of diet based on carbon isotope data and low crowned tooth morphology (37,39). The δ 13 C values from this taxon, like those of Giraffa, are useful for defining the C 3 end member at a given fossil locality.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 85%

Late Miocene to Pliocene carbon isotope record of differential diet change among East African herbivores

Uno

Cerling

Harris³

et al. 2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Stable isotope and molecular data suggest that C 4 grasses first appeared globally in the Oligocene. In East Africa, stable isotope data from pedogenic carbonate and fossil tooth enamel suggest a first appearance between 15-10 Ma and subsequent expansion during the Plio-Pleistocene. The fossil enamel record has the potential to provide detailed information about the rates of dietary adaptation to this new resource among different herbivore lineages. We present carbon isotope data from 452 fossil teeth that record differential rates of diet change from C 3 to mixed C 3 /C 4 or C 4 diets among East African herbivore families at seven different time periods during the Late Miocene to the Pliocene (9.9-3.2 Ma). Significant amounts of C 4 grasses were present in equid diets beginning at 9.9 Ma and in rhinocerotid diets by 9.6 Ma, although there is no isotopic evidence for expansive C 4 grasslands in this part of the Late Miocene. Bovids and hippopotamids followed suit with individuals that had C 4 -dominated (>65%) diets by 7.4 Ma. Suids adopted C 4 -dominated diets between 6.5 and 4.2 Ma. Gomphotheriids and elephantids had mostly C 3 -dominated diets through 9.3 Ma, but became dedicated C 4 grazers by 6.5 Ma. Deinotheriids and giraffids maintained a predominantly C 3 diet throughout the record. The sequence of differential diet change among herbivore lineages provides ecological insight into a key period of hominid evolution and valuable information for future studies that focus on morphological changes associated with diet change.carbon isotopes | herbivore diet | bioapatite | paleodiet | mammal

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 85%

Late Miocene to Pliocene carbon isotope record of differential diet change among East African herbivores

Uno

Cerling

Harris³

et al. 2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

Self Cite

173

142

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“…The earliest fossils attributable to Loxodonta and Elephas are recorded from late Miocene and early Pliocene Africa, respectively [6]. Neither genus is , and all individuals from area A plus trackways 32 from area B and 18 from area C (red).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…for mating [3 -5]. Despite a rich fossil record [6], the origin and evolution of social structure in Proboscidea is virtually unknown. Herd structure and social behaviour have been previously inferred for both the extinct mastodon (Mammut) and mammoth (Mammuthus) from Pleistocene mass-death assemblages and trackways [7][8][9], but little else is known about proboscidean behaviour prior to this time.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early evidence for complex social structure in Proboscidea from a late Miocene trackway site in the United Arab Emirates

et al. 2012

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Many living vertebrates exhibit complex social structures, evidence for the antiquity of which is limited to rare and exceptional fossil finds. Living elephants possess a characteristic social structure that is sex-segregated and multi-tiered, centred around a matriarchal family and solitary or loosely associated groups of adult males. Although the fossil record of Proboscidea is extensive, the origin and evolution of social structure in this clade is virtually unknown. Here, we present imagery and analyses of an extensive late Miocene fossil trackway site from the United Arab Emirates. The site of Mleisa 1 preserves exceptionally long trackways of a herd of at least 13 individuals of varying size transected by that of a single large individual, indicating the presence of both herding and solitary social modes. Trackway stride lengths and resulting body mass estimates indicate that the solitary individual was also the largest and therefore most likely a male. Sexual determination for the herd is equivocal, but the body size profile and number of individuals are commensurate with those of a modern elephant family unit. The Mleisa 1 trackways provide direct evidence for the antiquity of characteristic and complex social structure in Proboscidea.

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“…(长鼻目，嵌齿象科)的头骨及颊齿 P. grangeri from the other localities, after Wang et al, 2013b; the remaining data, after Wang et al, in press 的施泰因海姆嵌齿象 (Göhlich, 1998:pl (Tassy, 1983(Tassy, , 1986Sanders et al, 2010;Wang et al, 2015b), 比例上与嵌齿象属的 …”

Section: 临夏盆地中中新统维曼嵌齿象(Gomphotherium Wimani)mentioning

confidence: 96%

“…wimani differs from the members of G. annectens group (Tassy, 1985(Tassy, , 2013 in the complete pretrite trefoils (in G. annectens group pretrite central conules are not welldeveloped, much less than subdivision). It differs from members of pygmy Gomphotherium group (Sanders et al, 2010) in much larger size (Fig. 5).…”

mentioning

confidence: 93%

A new species ofGomphotherium(Proboscidea, Mammalia) from China and the evolution ofGomphotheriumin Eurasia

Wang

Duangkrayom

et al. 2017

Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology

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Proboscidea

Cited by 102 publications

References 0 publications

Late Miocene to Pliocene carbon isotope record of differential diet change among East African herbivores

Late Miocene to Pliocene carbon isotope record of differential diet change among East African herbivores

Early evidence for complex social structure in Proboscidea from a late Miocene trackway site in the United Arab Emirates

A new species ofGomphotherium(Proboscidea, Mammalia) from China and the evolution ofGomphotheriumin Eurasia

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