Process-based investigations and monitoring of deep-seated landslides

Zangerl, Christian; Prager, Christoph; Chwatal, Werner; Mertl, Stefan; Renk, Daniel; Schneider‐Muntau, Barbara; Kirschner, H.; Brandner, Rainer; Brückl, Ewald; Fellin, Wolfgang; Tentschert, E.; Eder, Stefan; Poscher, Gerhard

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-03229-5_5

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Detailed field studies of fossil and active landslides in the Tyrol indicate that these failures can basically be attributed to the complex intersection and coalescence of bedding and schistosity planes and brittle fault and joint systems, resulting in a substantial rock strength reduction extending to considerable depths (Brückl et al, 2004;Prager et al, 2006bPrager et al, , 2006cZangerl et al, 2007Zangerl et al, , 2008. Several of these deepseated gravitational slope deformations are encountered in seismically active regions and coincide temporally with periods of increased debris flow accumulations in the nearby main valleys.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One of them, the Holocene Fernpass rockslide, was recently dated and was found to form a temporal cluster with its adjacent mass movements (Prager et al, 2006a. Also current field studies (Prager et al, 2006b(Prager et al, , 2006cZangerl et al, , 2008 yielded evidence that both the unsmoothed rough scarps and the morphologically structured accumulation areas of many landslides were not glacially overprinted and thus not directly induced by Late-Pleistocene glacier fluctuations. In view of these facts, a first comprehensive compilation of dated mass movements in the Eastern Alps has been made.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Age distribution of fossil landslides in the Tyrol (Austria) and its surrounding areas

Prager

Zangerl²,

Patzelt

et al. 2008

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

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157

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Abstract. Some of the largest mass movements in the Alps cluster spatially in the Tyrol (Austria). Fault-related valley deepening and coalescence of brittle discontinuities structurally controlled the progressive failure and the kinematics of several slopes. To evaluate the spatial and temporal landslide distribution, a first comprehensive compilation of dated mass movements in the Eastern Alps has been made. At present, more than 480 different landslides in the Tyrol and its surrounding areas, including some 120 fossil events, are recorded in a GIS-linked geodatabase. These compiled data show a rather continuous temporal distribution of landslide activities, with (i) some peaks of activity in the early Holocene at about 10 500–9400 cal BP and (ii) in the Tyrol a significant increase of deep-seated rockslides in the Subboreal at about 4200–3000 cal BP. The majority of Holocene mass movements were not directly triggered by deglaciation processes, but clearly took a preparation of some 1000 years, after ice withdrawal, until slopes collapsed. In view of this, several processes that may promote rock strength degradation are discussed. After the Late-Glacial, slope stabilities were affected by stress redistribution and by subcritical crack growth. Fracture propagating processes may have been favoured by glacial loading and unloading, by earthquakes and by pore pressure fluctuations. Repeated dynamic loading, even if at subcritical energy levels, initiates brittle fracture propagation and thus substantially promotes slope instabilities. Compiled age dating shows that several landslides in the Tyrol coincide temporally with the progradation of some larger debris flows in the nearby main valleys and, partially, with glacier advances in the Austrian Central Alps, indicating climatic phases of increased water supply. This gives evidence of elevated pore pressures within the intensely fractured rock masses. As a result, deep-seated gravitational slope deformations are induced by complex and polyphase interactions of lithological and structural parameters, morphological changes, subcritical fracture propagation, variable seismic activity and climatically controlled groundwater flows.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age distribution of fossil landslides in the Tyrol (Austria) and its surrounding areas

Prager

Zangerl²,

Patzelt

et al. 2008

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

Self Cite

157

156

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“…RWL fluctuations primarily trigger the reactivation of ancient landslides along the reservoir banks (Lane and Griffiths, 2000;Wu et al, 2022). The influence of RWL fluctuations on landslide stability depends on various factors, including the permeability of the slide mass (Zangerl et al, 2009), the geometry of the sliding surface (Paronuzzi et al, 2013), and the rate of RWL fluctuations (Takayama and Fumitoshi, 2023). Tang et al (2019) classified reservoir landslides in the TGR area into seepage-induced and buoyancy-induced landslides.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanism of large-scale reservoir landslides with double-sliding zones: insights from long-term field monitoring

Yang,

Zhang,

et al. 2024

Front. Ecol. Evol.

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A significant number of ancient landslides with double or multi-sliding zones exist in reservoir areas. However, understanding large-scale reservoir landslides with double-sliding zones remains limited due to the challenges of studying deformation along the sliding zone independently from surface deformation. In this study, the seepage and deformation characteristics of the Taping landslide were obtained through field investigations and long-term in-situ monitoring. For the first time, hydrological factors influencing double-sliding zones were revealed using an attribute reduction algorithm based on long-term field data. The results indicate that the Taping landslide undergoes significant step-like consistent creep deformation, exhibiting failure along double-sliding zones. For the toe part, reservoir water level (RWL) and precipitation are two critical hydrological factors triggering deformation. Shallow sliding is more susceptible to rainfall, while the deep sliding zone is more affected by RWL variations. In the rear part, precipitation has a greater impact than RWL. Daily precipitation is the primary hydrological factor affecting slope movement along the shallow sliding zone. However, accumulated precipitation over the previous seven days is the most crucial factor influencing slope movement along the deep sliding zone. During the RWL drawdown period, shallow sliding initially occurs at the toe, induced by the de-buttressing effect, while deep sliding occurs after the RWL reaches 145 m, induced by the downslope seepage force. Local damage and failure at the toe provide space for the instability of the rear part, reducing the anti-sliding force. Consequently, failure extends to the rear part. The findings of this study hold significant implications for gaining a deeper understanding of the deformation mechanisms of large-scale reservoir landslides with double-sliding zones and improving landslide management and mitigation strategies in reservoir area.

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“…To understand the behavior of a DSGSD (including kinematics and potential for catastrophic failure) a multitechnique approach is more appropriate (Barla et al, 2010;Crosta et al, 2014;Morelli et al, 2018). Therefore, high-precision topographic surveys combined with remote sensing techniques (satellite, aerial, and terrestrial technologies) are nowadays integrated into studies as complementing tools for characterizing and monitoring mass movements (Fey et al, 2017;Gischig et al, 2011;Willenberg et al, 2008;Zangerl et al, 2009;Zangerl et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

From Toppling to Sliding: Progressive Evolution of the Moosfluh Landslide, Switzerland

et al. 2019

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This paper presents a detailed analysis of a dramatic rock slope acceleration that occurred in fall 2016 at the Moosfluh Landslide, located at the glacier tongue of the Great Aletsch Glacier (Switzerland). The acceleration that occurred in 2016 was unanticipated and exposed the valley bottom and an adjacent damned lake to high risk. This acceleration occurred in an active deep‐seated gravitational slope deformation (DSGSD) controlled primarily by deep block‐flexural toppling. In 2013, a highly accurate displacement monitoring system was developed and installed in the surroundings of the Great Aletsch Glacier, including a time‐lapse camera, GNSS, and robotic total stations. This monitoring system provided unique data during the 2016 slope acceleration which are used in this study to assess failure mechanisms, landslide volumes, and subsurface displacement geometry. Based on a novel displacement vector analysis, we find that three retrogressive secondary rockslides developed during the first six weeks of the slope acceleration, with rupture surface depths of 30 to 40 m, and estimated volumes between 1 and 4 Mm3. These rockslides display complex deformation features, including head and lateral scarps, which developed during the slope acceleration. The kinematics of these secondary rockslides changed through time, from primarily toppling to combined toppling and sliding. Our results provide a uniquely detailed understanding of the spatial and temporal evolution of deformation features and movement kinematics that occur when several sectors of a slowly moving DSGSD transitions into rapid rockslides.

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Process-based investigations and monitoring of deep-seated landslides

Cited by 4 publications

References 32 publications

Age distribution of fossil landslides in the Tyrol (Austria) and its surrounding areas

Age distribution of fossil landslides in the Tyrol (Austria) and its surrounding areas

Mechanism of large-scale reservoir landslides with double-sliding zones: insights from long-term field monitoring

From Toppling to Sliding: Progressive Evolution of the Moosfluh Landslide, Switzerland

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