5-Hydroxymethylfurfural
(5-HMF) is a versatile bio-platform chemical
that connects biomass to a variety of different fuels, chemicals,
and materials. In this work, novel Brønsted acid-based deep eutectic
solvents (DESs) with both solvent and catalytic functionalities for
glucose dehydration into 5-HMF were developed without the need of
additional metal salt catalysts or heterogeneous catalysts. The types
of hydrogen bond donor (HBD) and hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA), the
ratio of HBD to HBA of the DES, heating time, reaction temperature,
initial glucose concentration, and moisture content of the DES were
systematically investigated to reveal the interplay of the DES in
the conversion of glucose to 5-HMF. The most effective DES was found
to be triethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (TEBAC)/formic acid (FA) (molar
ratio: 2:1) with a 5-HMF yield of 30.5 ± 1.0% in glucose dehydration
and approximately 100% glucose conversion (initial glucose concentration:
2.5 wt %) in 60 min at 150 °C. Most importantly, after five cycles,
the TEBAC/FA (1:2) DES retained high stability and catalytic activity,
with the yield of 5-HMF remaining 30.1 ± 0.5%. Interestingly,
as the water content of the DES increased to 70%, the 5-HMF yield
increased to 36.5 ± 1.0% along with an 8.01 ± 1.4% yield
of levulinic acid. The finding of this study provided insights into
the TEBAC/FA (1:2) DES with dual capabilities that might support more
efficient bio-based commodity chemical production methods.