Producing methylcyclopentadiene dimer and trimer based high-performance jet fuels using 5-methyl furfural

Abstract

Methylcyclopentadiene dimer and trimer based fuels are synthesized from 5-methyl furfural for the first time with yield as high as 74.4%. They exhibit both high density and high thermal stability...

Iodine‐Modified Pd Catalysts Promote the Bifunctional Catalytic Synthesis of 2,5‐Hexanedione from C6 Furan Aldehydes

“…As mentioned above, the synthesis of HD from MF consists of a C=O hydrogenation step to 5methylfurfuryl alcohol (MFA), ring-opening of MFA, and C=C hydrogenation steps (Figure 2a). [25][26][27] The products and intermediates were confirmed by GC-MS (Figure S5). Besides, another reaction route for HD production including C=O hydrogenation, hydrogenolysis of MFA to 2,5-dimethylfuran (DMF), hydrolysis of DMF and C=C hydrogenation steps has been indicated in previous studies.…”

“…[20][21][22][23][24] The hydrogenative ring-opening of 5-methylfurfural (MF) to HD has been widely reported over combinations of metals and acids (such as Au/TiO 2 , Pd/Nb 2 O 5 , Ni 2 P/mordenite, Ni 2 P + HZSM-5) under a water solvent by successive C=O hydrogenation, ring-opening, and C=C hydrogenation. [19,[25][26][27] The reaction suffers a high reaction temperature of 130-250 °C. Subsequent studies were performed using an alternative method for HD synthesis from 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) over bifunctional catalysts (Pd/ZrP, Pd/C + Amberlyst-15) via a similar MF reaction route with an additional CÀ O hydrogenolysis step.…”

“…[17,18,[31][32][33] In addition, undesirable tetrahydrofuran-based compounds [2-hydroxymethyl-5-methyl tetrahydrofuran (THMFA) and 2,5-dihydroxymethyl tetrahydrofuran] are inevitably generated via the hydrogenation of furan ring, which decreases the selectivity of the target product. [25][26][27][28][29][30][34][35][36] The low proximity of hydrogenation sites and acid sites, and the longdistance transport of intermediates between different active sites in the abovementioned physical-mixed or simply assembled tandem catalysts results in unsatisfactory catalytic conversion and selectivity. The inferior synergism of bifunctional catalysis is a common phenomenon for many tandem reactions in biomass conversion.…”

Development of High-Energy-Density Liquid Aerospace Fuel: A Perspective

“…Until now, impressive progress has been made in the synthesis of HED liquid fuel (including the multi-cyclic and strained fuels, derived from petroleum, coal, biomass, and so on), via thermal polymerization, isomerization, photocatalysis, and hydrogenation processes [8][9][10][11][12]. However, with the limitation of inherent characteristics of hydrocarbon molecules, the increase extent of energy density for HED liquid fuel is less than 30% comparing with RP-3 jet fuel.…”

Thermal cyclodimerization of isoprene for the production of high-performance sustainable aviation fuel

“…12 Multicyclic hydrocarbons like tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene (JP-10) have been synthesized from furfural 13 while dimethyltetrahydrodicyclopentadiene (RJ-4) has been synthesized from bio-based substrates including linalool, 14 and cellulose-derived platform chemicals. [15][16][17] Cyclic monoterpenes are an important class of bio-based cycloalkenes that can be derived from turpentine or produced via fermentation of biomass sugars. [18][19][20] Simple hydrogenation of these feedstocks can generate monocyclic and bicyclic hydrocarbons, 4 while chemoselective hydrogenation can afford bicyclic alkanes containing ring-strained cyclopropane groups.…”