Production and characterization of bioaerosols for model validation in spacecraft environment

Salmela, Anniina; Kokkonen, Eero; Kulmala, Ilpo; Veijalainen, Anna-Maria; Leys, Natalie; Berthier, Audrey; Viacheslav, Ilyin; Kharin, S. A.; Morozova, Julia; Tikhomirov, Alexander A.; Pasanen, Pertti

doi:10.1016/j.jes.2017.10.016

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The microbial experimental campaign was carried out with a wet generated Bacillus bacteria bioaerosol. Briefly according Salmela et al (2017), Bacillus suspension was prepared as follows: B. aerius/licheniformis was inoculated with loop from stock culture on trypticase soy agar (TSA, Sigma-Aldrich Co., St. Luis, MO, US) and grown for 24 ± 2 h at 37 °C. After incubation, bacterial colonies were harvested with an inoculation loop, inoculated in potato agar (PA, Thermo Fisher Scientific-Oxoid Limited, UK) and incubated for 48 ± 2 h at 37 °C.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Measurement and Simulation of Biocontamination in an Enclosed Habitat

et al. 2020

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Microbial aerosols can be used as model particles for examining the dispersion and deposition of particles as well as assessing the reliability of the simulation methods. For example, the computational fluid dynamics model (CFD) can be used in the evaluation of indoor microbial contamination and the possible spread of harmful microbes in spaces with high densities of people or in special hermetic environments. The aim of this study was to compare the results of the CFD simulation, which predicts the deposition of biological particles on the surfaces of a spacecraft, and real particle deposition, using Bacillus licheniformis/aerius bacterium particles as the model organism. The results showed that the particles were mainly deposited on floor surfaces, but also onto the supply air diffusers, where bacterial concentrations were higher than on the wall and ceiling surfaces. The CFD simulation showed similar trends with actual particle dispersal, conducted in this experiment with Bacillus particles.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The concentration of suspension was adjusted to 10 8 microbes/mL by using a hemacytometer (e.g. Fuchs-Rosenthal: Hirschmann EM Techcolor) (Salmela et al 2017). A diluted Bacillus suspension was generated by using 6-jet Collison Nebulizer (BGI, MA, US) at airflow 6 L/min.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement and Simulation of Biocontamination in an Enclosed Habitat

et al. 2020

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“…At each stage of sampling, 70% ethanol alcohol was used to clean and decontaminate the Anderson single-stage sampler. The sampler was located at the height of 120 cm (at the breathing zone) above the ground with a distance of more than one meter from the walls and barriers at three designated points in each room (33). Then, the Petri dish was placed in the sampling device, and sampling was performed for 10 minutes.…”

Section: Sampling Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Removal of Microorganisms by UVC Radiation From the Air of Hospital

Dashti

Dargahi

Sadeghi

et al. 2022

Avicenna J Environ Health Eng

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Currently, UVC radiation is used in hospitals to eliminate microorganisms and reduce adverse health effects in operating rooms (ORs) and protective environment rooms (PERs). The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of UVC irradiation on bioaerosols in ORs and PERs. This experimental study was performed in ORs and PERs in a hospital. Bioaerosols were evaluated according to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) standard (No. 0800). The samples were collected from indoor air of rooms before irradiation and after UVC(254 nm) irradiation for 20 and 480 minutes. The sample size of the study was determined to be 432 (216 fungi and 216 bacteria). The difference between the mean concentration of bioaerosols in the UVC radiation at two intervals (20 and 480 minutes) was significant, which indicates a decrease in the concentration of bioaerosols by increasing the duration of UVC radiation. Some bacteria, such as group B Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, and Listeria, were entirely killed after 20 minutes of irradiation; however, complete removal of the bacteria such as Staphylococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus saprophyticus was observed after 480 minutes of UVC irradiation. Fungi, such as Alternaria, Stofelim, and Mucor had a 100% reduction after 20 minutes of UVC irradiation, and Rhizopus and Aspergillus fumigatus showed a 100% decrease after 480 minutes of UVC irradiation. Other isolated fungi such as Cladosporium, Penicillium, Aspergillus niger, Rhodotorula, and Alternaria showed a decrease of 75%-98.78%. The ultraviolet (UV) sensitivity of bacterial and fungal bioaerosols depends strongly on their type. The results from this study may offer an important understanding of the control of indoor bioaerosols using UVC irradiation and help abate the environmental impacts of airborne microbes.

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“…Although an increased risk for the astronauts' health aboard has often been addressed, infections of crew members or health issues related to the pathogenic action of microorganisms have been reported only rarely 45 . Crew members are the primary source of microorganisms, capable of eliminating many particles (potentially carrying biological agents) in the environment both through the desquamation of the skin, through the acts of coughing, sneezing, speaking, breathing, etc., in a context becoming even more complex dealing with microgravity 29,32,[46][47][48][49][50][51] and the impossibility to exchange with primary air. Data obtained from the Apollo 26 , Skylab 52 , space shuttle 38 , and the Russian space station Mir 27,37 confirm that space environments are compatible with human occupation.…”

Section: Environmental Conditions and Target Pathogensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solar Ultraviolet Light Collector for Germicidal Irradiation on the Moon

Lombini¹,

Schreiber²,

Albertini³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Prolonged human-crewed missions on the Moon are foreseen as a gateway for Mars and asteroid colonisation in the next decades. Health risks related to long-time permanence in space have been partially investigated. Hazards due to airborne biological contaminants are possible. A possible way to perform pathogens' inactivation is by employing the shortest wavelength range of Solar ultraviolet radiation, the so-called germicidal range. On Earth, it is totally absorbed by the atmosphere and does not reach the surface. In space, such UV solar component is present and effective germicidal irradiation for airborne pathogens' inactivation can be achieved inside habitable outposts through a combination of highly reflective internal coating and optimised geometry of the air ducts. The Solar Ultraviolet Light Collector for Germicidal Irradiation on the Moon is a project whose aim is to collect Ultraviolet solar radiation and use it as a source to sanitise the re-circulating air of the human outposts. The most favourable positions where to place these collectors are over the peaks at the Moon's poles, which have the peculiarity of being exposed to solar radiation most of the time. On August 2022, NASA communicated to have identified 13 candidate landing regions near the lunar South Pole for Artemis missions. Another advantage of the Moon is its low inclination to the ecliptic, which maintains the Sun’s apparent altitude inside a reduced angular range. For this reason, Ultraviolet solar radiation can be collected through a simplified Sun's tracking collector or even a static collector and used to sanitise the recycled air. Fluid-dynamic and optical simulations have been performed to support the proposed idea. The expected inactivation rates for some airborne pathogens, either common or found on the International Space Station, are reported and compared with the proposed device efficiency. The results show that it is possible to use Ultraviolet solar radiation directly for air sanitation inside the lunar outposts and deliver a healthy living environment to the astronauts.

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Production and characterization of bioaerosols for model validation in spacecraft environment

Cited by 6 publications

References 20 publications

Measurement and Simulation of Biocontamination in an Enclosed Habitat

Measurement and Simulation of Biocontamination in an Enclosed Habitat

Removal of Microorganisms by UVC Radiation From the Air of Hospital

Solar Ultraviolet Light Collector for Germicidal Irradiation on the Moon

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