Production efficiency of hot water for domestic use

Performance of gas tankless (instantaneous) water heaters under various international standards

“…In higher efficiency condensing models ( Fig. 1(B)), cold incoming water first flows through a secondary heat exchanger (11) to recover the latent energy of the water content of the exhaust products exiting the primary heat exchanger as vapour.…”

“…Gas tankless water heaters (GTWH) are sold in large numbers in many countries and are seen as an efficient means of producing domestic hot water with a far smaller carbon footprint than either gas storage water heaters with uninsulated central flues, or electric storage water heaters powered by thermally generated electricity [9][10][11][12][13][14]. The significant proportion of energy used for domestic water heating has led many countries to regulate the efficiency of these water heaters through consumer information and labelling schemes [15][16][17][18] or minimum performance requirements [19][20][21][22][23].…”

The comparison of calculation methods of gas demand in the installation with combi boilers

“…Residential buildings are characterised by energy demand linked mainly to the municipal needs, such as in the preparation of meals, supply of domestic hot water and space heating. One of the ways to meet these needs is through the use of gas appliances [1]. Typically, gas appliances such as gas cookers and gas cookers with oven, water heaters and gas-fired central heating boilers were used in older buildings [2].…”

Analysis of Drain Water Heat Exchangers and Their Perspectives in Lithuania

“…The problem of saving the energy used to heat recovery from drain water usage has been observed in many countries such as the United Kingdom (Wong et al 2010), Ireland (Boait et al 2012), Spain (Hernandez and Kenny, 2012), Italy (Torras et al 2016), Netherlands (Cipolla and Maglionico, 2014), Canada (Frijns et al 2013, Leidl and Lubitz 2009, Picard et al 2004, Australia (Hobbi and Siddiqui 2009) and Brazil (Beal et al 2012), where the effectiveness of the use of different technologies, from residential buildings to urban wastewater, for saving energy was analyzed. Studies made in Swiss (Schmid 2009) showed that 15% of the thermal energy supplied to build ings is lost through the sewer system; this value rises up to 30% in well-insulated buildings with low consumption.…”