“…The following factors prefer outsourcing: a more significant market potential, higher clients' environmental awareness, and a longer distance between the outsourcer and producer. Other studies (Eiamkanchanalai and Banerjee, 1999;Osei-Bryson and Ngwenyama, 2006;Ameknassi et al, 2016;Chiu et al, 2021;Chiu et al, 2022b;Gambal et al, 2022;Megoze Pongha et al, 2022;Bernard and Mitraille, 2023;Karamemis et al, 2023) explored the effects of various contracting-out policies and expedited fabrication rates on manufacturing and supply-chain systems' uptime-reduction, optimization, control, and operations management. Lacking past works specifically optimizing the hybrid multi-item fabricating-shipping integrated system considering scrap, adjustable rate, and postponement, this work aims to fill the gap.…”