Production of Acetone, Butanol, and Ethanol (ABE) by Clostridium acetobutylicum YM1 from Pretreated Palm Kernel Cake in Batch Culture Fermentation

Abstract

The viability of most fermentation processes is very much dependent on the cheap fermentation medium used. Palm kernel cake (PKC) is an abundant biomass generated from the palm oil processing industry that can be used as the carbon source for the growth and production of acetone-butanolethanol fermentation (ABE) by Clostridia. In this study, ABE production from the fermentation of PKC using Clostridium acetobutylicum YM1 in a batch culture was conducted. The PKC was subjected to treatment with acids (sulphuric and hydrochloric acids), alkali (sodium hydroxide and alkaline peroxide), enzymatic hydrolysis, and hydrothermal treatment (in autoclave). The sulphuric acid-treated PKC (2% SAPKC) method produced the highest concentration of reducing sugars (30 g/L) compared with the other methods applied. The results showed that increasing the concentration of H2SO4 up to 3% decreased the amounts of generated reducing sugars to 20.4 g/L, which is about 32% less. The fermentation of 1%, 2%, and 3% SAPKC resulted in the production of ABE of 1.07, 5.72, and 3.48 g/L, respectively. This study showed that the pretreatment of PKC improved the content of fermentable sugars and subsequently enhanced the production of ABE by C. acetobutylicum YM1. This study also revealed that PKC can be regarded as a potentially low cost substrate for ABE fermentation.

A novel strategy and kinetics analysis of half‐fractional high cell density fed‐batch cultivation of Zygosaccharomyces rouxii

“…However, after 36 hr, the cell dry weight no longer increased but instead decreased. This trend could be continuously accumulating results of the nutrient limitation (Burgard et al., ) or production inhibition of metabolites such as ethanol or others (Al‐Tabib, Al‐Shorgani, Hasan, Hamid, & Kalil, ). Although the physical and biochemical environments of the fed‐batch cultivation differ from those of a full cultivation, it is a useful attempt to build Z. rouxii high‐density cultivation.…”

Effect of initial fermentation medium on bioacetone, biobutanol, and bioethanol (BioABE) production from fermentable sugars of Acacia mangium using Clostridium acetobutylicum YM1

“…The injection and detector temperatures were set at 250 °C and 280 °C respectively. Helium gas was used as a carrier gas with a flow rate of 1.50 mL/min (Al-Tabib et al 2017).…”

“…Approximately 1 mL of C. acetobutylicum YM1 cells were cultured in 9 mL of TYA medium and were incubated for 1 to 2 days at 30 °C under anaerobic conditions. This culture was subcultured in 90 mL TYA medium and incubated for 18 to 20 h at 30 °C to be used as inoculum (Al-Tabib et al 2017). Before the inoculation process, the nitrogen gas was purged into fermentation medium (TYA medium/fermentable sugars) to prepare the anaerobic conditions for cell growth and BioABE production.…”

“…In the solventogenesis phase, 2.86 g/L BioABE was produced at 30 °C after 72 h of fermentation. Al-Tabib et al (2017) reported that 10.27 g/L BioABE was produced from 30 g/L glucose after 54 h of fermentation. Besides that, this finding showed a relationship between the production of solvents and pH in which the pH of medium decreased during the acidogenesis process.…”

“…It was found that the BioABE yield produced from fermentable sugars was 67.1% lower than BioABE produced from glucose with only 0.06 g/g BioABE yield. According to Al-Tabib et al (2017), glucose is the most important sugar for the production of biobutanol, followed by mannose.…”