Production of Fluorocarbons

Simons, J. H.; Pearlson, W. H.; Brice, T. J.; Wilson, W. A.; Dresdner, R. D.

doi:10.1149/1.2776736

Cited by 30 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…In the Simons process, Ni anodes are used in aHF rather than Pt anodes in an aprotic solvent . Under these conditions, it was suggested that oxidizing Ni agents such as NiF 3 or NiF 4 were formed electrochemically prior to the electrochemical fluorination of the organic substrate .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The process usually runs at current densities lower than 3.0 A dm −2 and cell voltages of 4.5 to 6.0 V whilst maintaining the temperature in the range from 0 to 15 °C . Ever since its discovery in the 1940s by Joseph H. Simons, the mechanism of the Simons‐type ECF has been the subject of controversial debate. Two possible pathways have been considered: the direct electrochemical oxidation and subsequent fluorination of the organic molecule (EC b EC N mechanism) and the electrochemical generation of an oxidizing and fluorinating agent such as fluorine (molecular or radical) or highly reactive nickel fluorides such as NiF 3 (NiF 4 ) …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Combining Theory and Experiment to Characterize the Voltammetric Behavior of Nickel Anodes in the Simons Process

Mattsson

Senges

Riedel

et al. 2020

Chemistry A European J

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The Simons process, otherwise known as the electrochemical fluorination (ECF) method, is widely used in industry to electrolytically synthesize chemicals for various purposes. Even to this day, the exact mechanism of the ECF reaction remains unknown, but is believed to involve the formation of an anodic nickel fluoride film with highly oxidized nickel centers. In this study, experiments and density functional theory calculations are combined to characterize the initial anodic peak occurring at potentials typically required in an ECF cell. NiF2 is believed to form a passivating layer at low potentials. The calculations show that a potential of +3.1 V is required to oxidize surface Ni2+ centers to Ni3+. This is in good agreement with the measured anodic peak at +3.57 V.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combining Theory and Experiment to Characterize the Voltammetric Behavior of Nickel Anodes in the Simons Process

Mattsson

Senges

Riedel

et al. 2020

Chemistry A European J

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“…ECF technology was first applied in the Simons process by 3M Company in the 1940s [25]. e general synthesis process based on ECF that is used to produce PFOS, PFOA (perfluorooctanoic acid), and their derivatives is shown in Figures 1(a) and 1(b).…”

Section: Production and Application Of Pfaasmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Perfluoroalkyl Acids (PFAAs) in terms of Sources, Applications, Human Exposure, Dietary Intake, Toxicity, Legal Regulation, and Methods of Determination

Sznajder‐Katarzyńska

Surma

Cieślik

2019

Journal of Chemistry

109

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Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are widely distributed across the world and are expected to be of concern to human health and the environment. The review focuses on perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) and, in particular, on the most frequently discussed perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs). In this study, some basic information concerning PFASs is reviewed, focusing mainly on PFAAs (perfluoroalkyl acids). We have made efforts to systemize their division into groups according to chemical structure, describe their basic physicochemical properties, characterize production technologies, and determine potential human exposure routes with particular reference to oral exposure. A variety of possible toxicological effects to human health are also discussed. In response to increasing public concern about the toxicity of PFAAs, an evaluation of dietary intake has been undertaken for two of the most commonly known PFAAs: perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS). As summarized in this study, PFAAs levels need further assessment due to the science-based TWI standards laid down by the EFSA’s CONTAM Panel regarding the risk to human health posed by the presence of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid and perfluorooctanoic acid in food (tolerable weekly intakes of PFOA and PFOS set up to 6 ng·kg−1·bw·week−1 and 13 ng·kg−1·bw·week−1, respectively). Current legislation, relevant legislation on PFAAs levels in food, and the most popular methods of analysis in food matrices are described.

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“…The generation of fluorine itself is achieved by electrolysing KF-2HF melt [1,2]. A wide variety of perfluorinated organic compounds are still produced by electrolysis in anhydrous HF using nickel anodes [3][4][5][6]. This classical field has been reviewed from time to time [7][8][9][10][11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemistry of metals and semiconductors in fluoride media

Noel

Suryanarayanan

2005

J Appl Electrochem

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The electrochemical surface transformations and diverse applications of a variety of metals and semiconductors in a wide range of fluoride media such as aqueous, non-aqueous media, liquid HF media, room temperature fluoride melts and molten fluoride media with a melting range covering 50-1000°C are reviewed. Nickel shows excellent corrosion resistance in the absence of water. The anodic performance of this metal in electrochemical perfluorination and NF 3 production is discussed. Compact carbon materials serve as anodes in fluorine generators. In high temperature melts, they perform as consumable anodes. Graphitic carbon undergoes intercalation/ de-intercalation process and related battery applications. Cu/CuF 2 couple is a good reference electrode. Pt and vitreous carbon materials are the inert electrodes of choice for electro analytical applications. Electrodeposition of Lithium as a non-dendritic uniform phase is important in Lithium metal based secondary batteries. High temperature fluoride melts are used in electro-deposition of valve metals such as Nb, Ta, and Ti. The stability and decomposition of fluoride complexes in these media are of interest.

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Production of Fluorocarbons

Cited by 30 publications

References 0 publications

Combining Theory and Experiment to Characterize the Voltammetric Behavior of Nickel Anodes in the Simons Process

Combining Theory and Experiment to Characterize the Voltammetric Behavior of Nickel Anodes in the Simons Process

A Review of Perfluoroalkyl Acids (PFAAs) in terms of Sources, Applications, Human Exposure, Dietary Intake, Toxicity, Legal Regulation, and Methods of Determination

Electrochemistry of metals and semiconductors in fluoride media

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