Production of Graphite Chloride and Bromide Using Microwave Sparks

Abstract

Chemically modified graphite is an economical material with promising applications in its own right or as an intermediate in the synthesis of graphene. However, because of its extreme chemical inertness, to date only two methods—oxidation and fluorination—have been found which can modify graphite with high yield and large throughput. Herein, we describe a third chemical approach for the synthesis of large quantities of highly modified graphite which uses a microwave-sparks-assisted halogenation reaction. The resulting graphite halide can easily be exfoliated into monolayer graphene in organic solvents. The structure and electronic properties of the original graphene can be recovered after thermal annealing of the graphene halide. Furthermore, the graphene halide can be further modified by a variety of organic functional groups. Solution-processed field-effect transistors based on the graphene halides resulted in device performances were comparable to, or even better than, that of graphene oxide.

Conducting fabrics of polyester coated with polypyrrole and doped with graphene oxide

“…This indicates a partial doping from chloride species. The two peaks located at 200.3 eV (2p 3/2 ) and 202 eV (2p 1/2 ) are attributed to covalent chloride (C-Cl) [43,44].…”

One-step synthesis of chlorinated graphene by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition

“…Inside, the covalent modification of graphene is much reliable to apply in the future electronic device, in contrast with the physisorption of chemical species. Graphene halide [4,5], one of graphene derivative including fluoride [6,7], chloride [8,9], bromide [10][11][12] and iodide [12,13], have been recently investigated for the band gap engineering. Among them, graphene chloride is a p-doping type covalent modification of graphene which could tailor the intrinsic properties of graphene [14,15].…”

The interaction of halogen atoms and molecules with borophene

“…33,34 It was shown that fluorine coverage results in band gap opening which can be engineered with the degree of fluorination. 35 Moreover, partially chlorinated 36 and brominated 37 graphene derivatives have been reported and the interaction of halogen atoms with graphene has been studied by first-principles methods. 33,[38][39][40] Not only graphene but also chlorinated silicene 41 and fluorinated boron nitride sheets 42 have also been realized.…”