“…1 (a) and (b). Haluska et al [ 27 ] reduced silica derived from barley husks to silicon via magnesiothermic reduction. From both TEM and SEM images in Fig.…”
“… Fig. 1 (a&b) SEM images of p-Si produced via the Magnesiothermic method from Liu et al [ 26 ] (c) SEM images (d) TEM images of Si/C from Haluska et al [ 27 ] (e) SEM image of Si reduced via aluminothermic method from Chen et al [ 28 ]. …”
“…1 (a) and (b). Haluska et al [ 27 ] reduced silica derived from barley husks to silicon via magnesiothermic reduction. From both TEM and SEM images in Fig.…”
“… Fig. 1 (a&b) SEM images of p-Si produced via the Magnesiothermic method from Liu et al [ 26 ] (c) SEM images (d) TEM images of Si/C from Haluska et al [ 27 ] (e) SEM image of Si reduced via aluminothermic method from Chen et al [ 28 ]. …”
“…Thus, carbon is selected as a precursor for graphite production. Numerous studies have suggested the application of biological waste as a potential carbon precursor for graphite synthesis [36][37][38][39][40][41]. Agricultural sectors have generated a large amount of bio-waste over the years.…”
Section: Carbon Precursors From Agricultural Bio-waste Materialsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…During the graphitization process, in which the amorphous carbon is heat-treated over a long period of time, the heat energy supports the restructuring of the atomic structure into an ordered crystalline structure, which represents the graphitically structured carbon. The currently most common synthesis method of graphite, which is widely applied in the industry using fossil raw materials, requires a high graphitization temperature of up to 3000 • C [36].…”
Section: Graphitization Of Agricultural Carbonmentioning
Graphitic carbon is a valuable material that can be utilized in many fields, such as electronics, energy storage and wastewater filtration. Due to the high demand for commercial graphite, an alternative raw material with lower costs that is environmentally friendly has been explored. Amongst these, an agricultural bio-waste material has become an option due to its highly bioactive properties, such as bioavailability, antioxidant, antimicrobial, in vitro and anti-inflammatory properties. In addition, biomass wastes usually have high organic carbon content, which has been discovered by many researchers as an alternative carbon material to produce graphite. However, there are several challenges associated with the graphite production process from biomass waste materials, such as impurities, the processing conditions and production costs. Agricultural bio-waste materials typically contain many volatiles and impurities, which can interfere with the synthesis process and reduce the quality of the graphitic carbon produced. Moreover, the processing conditions required for the synthesis of graphitic carbon from agricultural biomass waste materials are quite challenging to optimize. The temperature, pressure, catalyst used and other parameters must be carefully controlled to ensure that the desired product is obtained. Nevertheless, the use of agricultural biomass waste materials as a raw material for graphitic carbon synthesis can reduce the production costs. Improving the overall cost-effectiveness of this approach depends on many factors, including the availability and cost of the feedstock, the processing costs and the market demand for the final product. Therefore, in this review, the importance of biomass waste utilization is discussed. Various methods of synthesizing graphitic carbon are also reviewed. The discussion ranges from the conversion of biomass waste into carbon-rich feedstocks with different recent advances to the method of synthesis of graphitic carbon. The importance of utilizing agricultural biomass waste and the types of potential biomass waste carbon precursors and their pre-treatment methods are also reviewed. Finally, the gaps found in the previous research are proposed as a future research suggestion. Overall, the synthesis of graphite from agricultural bio-waste materials is a promising area of research, but more work is needed to address the challenges associated with this process and to demonstrate its viability at scale.
“…3,4 Unfortunately, the low theoretical capacity of the conventional graphite anode limits the improvement of energy density for LIBs. 5,6 Therefore, it is important to develop suitable anode materials to reduce the dependence on graphite. TMOs (such as NiO, Fe 2 O 3 , and CoNi 2 O 4 ) have attracted considerable attention owing to their large theoretical capacity, superior security, and high power density, and are expected to become promising substitute for graphite anodes.…”
Ternary transition metal oxides (TMOs) are deemed as the hopeful anode materials of Li-ion batteries (LIBs) because of the large theoretical capacity, and rich redox reaction. Nevertheless, inherent semiconductor characteristic,...
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