Production of High Life Bearing Steels by Ladle Refining and Electroslag Remelting in Daye, China

Zhou, D-G; Cs, Wang; Xie, Y-Q; Wan, Y-S

doi:10.1520/stp24841s

Cited by 2 publications

References 8 publications

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Chapter 4 | Steelmaking, Casting, Rolling—Air (Open) Melt Steel Grades

Beswick¹

2022

Rolling Bearing Steel: Design, Technology, Testing and Measurements

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Bearing steel technologists need to be aware of air-melt bearing steelmaking process developments and the market demands for cheaper and better rolling bearings, and reduced CO2 emissions. Primary steelmaking in electric arc or basic oxygen furnaces is described together with the development of linked or separate ladle refining and vacuum degassing technologies. The choice of aluminum or silicon (nonaluminum) deoxidation is explained as a function of the applied casting methodology, end product requirement, and the prevailing ethos. The variety of steelmaking combinations are explained and relationships of the processes with the metallurgical quality illustrated. The technologies applied in bearing steel casting operations have a profound effect on quality and costs and this is described. High carbon bearing steel compositions present special problems with respect to segregation and a need for homogenization treatments. Continuous casting of bearing steels is established, but ingot casting is required for higher alloyed steels. Ingot casting remains an excellent way of making high-quality bearing steels. Both billet and bloom continuous casting are economically attractive provided the bearing steels in question can be cast in suitable sequences. The use of post-casting homogenization treatments are explained particularly for the large-size bearing steel grades produced by radial-axial hot ring rolling. Control of hot-working process temperatures and adiabatic heating effects, particularly for high carbon-alloy steels, is described. Nondestructive testing cannot detect all internal metallurgical defects which means that hot ring rolling must not introduce undetectable, or difficult to detect, internal void defects. It is explained that careful homogenization of steels for radial and axial ring rolling needs to be performed in order to ensure that the rings have full metallurgical integrity (i.e., they are free of voids/porosity).

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Chapter 4 | Steelmaking, Casting, Rolling—Air (Open) Melt Steel Grades

Beswick¹

2022

Rolling Bearing Steel: Design, Technology, Testing and Measurements

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Vacuum Arc Remelting Process of High-Alloy Bearing Steel and Multi-Scale Control of Solidification Structure

Huang

Yang

et al. 2015

MSF

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Utilizing Pro-cast software, the whole vacuum arc remelting process of high-alloy bearing steel ingot (the diameter was 160 mm and the high was 600 mm) was simulated. And moving face quality and moving boundary conditions were added to the simulation. Purposes of the simulation were to explore the influence of smelting powers on the temperature field, pool shape and solidification microstructure in vacuum arc remelting process. The depth of molten bath gradually increased and stabilized finally and the pool shape transferred from flat to funnel. When smelting power increased, the depth of molten pool became deeper and the width of mushy zone slightly reduced; the size of primary dendrite and secondary dendrite spacing increased significantly; the percentage and size of columnar crystals also increased. A reasonable power-time cure was given to guide industrial melting after simulation, the size of molten pool morphology and microstructure were controlled in an ideal range under the reasonable cure. The simulated grain morphology agreed well with the experimental pickling result.

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Production of High Life Bearing Steels by Ladle Refining and Electroslag Remelting in Daye, China

Cited by 2 publications

References 8 publications

Chapter 4 | Steelmaking, Casting, Rolling—Air (Open) Melt Steel Grades

Chapter 4 | Steelmaking, Casting, Rolling—Air (Open) Melt Steel Grades

Vacuum Arc Remelting Process of High-Alloy Bearing Steel and Multi-Scale Control of Solidification Structure

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