Production of high-value products including gasoline hydrocarbons from the thermochemical conversion of syngas

Abstract

This article reviews subjects dealing with the chemistry, catalytic poisoning, newer catalyst technologies and possible future solutions to increase the efficiency of creating high-value products by thermochemically converting gasified biomass (producer gas). This article puts emphasis on bi-functional catalysts containing transition metals coupled with zeolites for renewable-fuel production. High-value products such as gasolinerange hydrocarbons, dimethyl ether, aldehydes, isobutane, isobutene and other olefins can be produced with gasified biomass due to the gas containing syngas (H 2 + CO). The chemistry and production of these chemicals are discussed in this article. The importance of certain process variables, such as temperature, space velocity, gas ratios, and pressure are discussed along with the importance of reactor design. The subject of the importance of the cleanliness of the producer gas, so that maximum high-value product yield can be achieved with the greatest efficiency, is also discussed.

Application of Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis in Biomass to Liquid Conversion

“…However, due to the limited reserves, the traditional fossil fuel supplies will be depleted in the near future, as shown in Figure 1, which make searching for alternative energy sources necessary and critical [2]. Moreover, the burning of traditional fossil fuels can also emit extensive greenhouse gas, such as carbon dioxide, into the atmosphere and cause some other severe environmental issues [3][4][5]. Figure 1.…”

“…Bio-syngas resulting from biomass gasification contains CO, H 2 , CO 2 , CH 4 , and N 2 in various proportions [10,11]. The average bio-syngas from a downdraft gasifier with air as the oxidant contains 22.16% CO, 17.55% H 2 , 11.89% CO 2 , 3.07% CH 4 , with N 2 and other gases as the balance [12].…”

“…The average bio-syngas from a downdraft gasifier with air as the oxidant contains 22.16% CO, 17.55% H 2 , 11.89% CO 2 , 3.07% CH 4 , with N 2 and other gases as the balance [12].…”

Essential scientific mapping of the value chain of thermochemically converted second-generation bio-fuels

“…147 During the alcohol-tohydrocarbon process, carbenium ions are important intermediates in the formation of long molecules on zeolite catalysts. Carbenium ions can be formed from the dehydrogenation of an olefin on the acid site of the catalyst, 74 with these increasing in size through the transfer of hydrogen ions. Finally, products can be formed from the larger carbenium ions by hydrogenation.…”

Ultraclean Fuels Production and Utilization for the Twenty-First Century: Advances toward Sustainable Transportation Fuels

“…2 On the other hand, because of its non-renewable nature, high consumption rates, and the limited reserves of petroleum, transportation fuels from non-petroleum resources have long been extensively explored. [3][4][5][6][7] Among the available choices, the mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen (syngas) derived from other carbon-based resources such as coal, natural gas, and biomass has been proven a versatile platform for the synthesis of liquid fuels and high-value added chemicals. [4][5][6][7] Changing environmental regulations in the U.S and abroad are also a major driving force for the production of ultraclean fuels.…”