Production of Invertases by Anamorphic (<i>Aspergillus nidulans</i>) and Teleomorphic (<i>Emericela nidulans</i>) Fungi under Submerged Fermentation Using Rye Flour as Carbon Source

Abstract

The production of invertases by anamorph (A. nidulans) and teleomorph (E. nidulans) was investigated. The best level of extracellular enzymatic production for anomorph was obtained in Khanna medium containing sucrose as carbon source, whereas for teleomorph the best production was archived using M5 medium containing inulin as carbon source. Despite this, rye flour was selected as carbon source. The extracellular enzyme production was higher for teleomorph than that observed for anomorph for all carbon sources used. The enzyme production was inhibited by the addition of fructose and glucose in the medium containing rye flour as carbon source. The best conditions to recover the higher enzymatic activity were temperature of 54˚C -62˚C and pH of 4.8 -5.6 for both enzymes determined by experimental design (CCRD). The stability of the temperatures at 40˚C and 50˚C were similar for both enzymes. The invertases from the anomorph and teleomorph were activated by Mn 2+ , but the response of each one towards the presence of this cation was different with best activation observed for the anomorph enzyme (+80%). The extracellular enzymes were able to hydrolyze inulin, sucrose and raffinose. However, the affinity was higher for sucrose than inulin. In conclusion, the carbon source assimilation and the invertase production, as well as the enzymes properties, were different for the anomorph and teleomorph mycelia.

Production of short‐chain fructooligosaccharides (scFOS) using extracellular β‐D‐fructofuranosidase produced byAspergillus thermomutatus

“…Glucose can be detected by receptors in cell membrane generating intracellular signals that modulate genes and important enzymes for different metabolic pathways (Kig et al, ). Inhibition of the production of the extracellular β‐D‐fructofuranosidase by glucose was also reported by Alegre et al () and Alves et al () for the enzymes obtained from Aspergillus caespitosus and Aspergillus nidulans , respectively. However, these authors did not observe a reduction in the intracellular enzyme production, as also reported for A. thermomutatus in the current study.…”

Invertase production by Aspergillus niger under solid state fermentation: Focus on physical–chemical parameters, synergistic and antagonistic effects using agro-industrial wastes

“…According to Dynesen et al (1998), who studied the catabolite repression of invertase during Saccharomyces cerevisiae cultivations, glucose and fructose repressed the expression of a large number of gene coding for enzymes required for the metabolism of the sugars sucrose, galactose and maltose as well as gluconeogenic and respiratory enzymes. Alves et al (2013) also provided evidence for catabolic repression in invertase production by Aspergillus nidulans and Emericella nidulans when high concentrations of glucose and fructose promote a reduction in the production of intracellular enzymes. The same phenomenon was demonstrated by Giraldo et al (2012) in the production of invertase by the filamentous fungus Paecilomyces variotii under submerged and solid-state fermentation using agroindustrial wastes similar to the present study (e.g., wheat bran and soybean meal).…”

“…Alves et al (2013) related the production of invertase by A. nidulans using rye flour as a substrate and, after medium optimization by surface response, achieved predicted responses for specific activities higher than 250 μm g À 1 .…”

“…It has also become clear that the cost-factor for the production of enzymes on the laboratory scale generally favors SSF over SmF (Hölker et al, 2004). The application of agro-industrial wastes (soybean residue, apple pomace, rye flour, corncob, crushed corncob, rice straw, sugar cane bagasse and wheat bran) for invertase production has been widely studied (Giraldo et al, 2012;Uma et al, 2010Uma et al, , 2012Alves et al, 2013;Hayashi et al, 1992;Hang and Woodams, 1994;Guimarães et al, 2007Guimarães et al, , 2009Alegre et al, 2009;Rustiguel et al, 2010;Mussatto et al, 2013;Gnaneshwar Goud et al, 2013). However, the use of statistical mixture designs for individual or formulations containing mixtures of different agro-industrial wastes for invertase production by A. niger has not yet been reported in the literature.…”

“…In general, fungal invertases have attracted the attention of different industry sectors because of their biotechnological potential (Alves et al, 2013).…”