Production of Menaquinone (vitamin K2)-7 by Bacillus subtilis

Sato, Toshiro; Yamada, Y.; Ohtani, Yutaka; Mitsui, Nobuo; Murasawa, Hisashi; Araki, Seiichi

doi:10.1016/s1389-1723(01)80104-3

Cited by 91 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Since Bacillus subtilis has been granted the status of GRAS [156], and several methods to improve vitamin K2 bacterial productivity have resulted in high yield, these are positioned among the most important industrial vitamin K producers for its use as diet supplements providing human health benefits. Particularly, Bacillus subtilis natto has been shown to produce a range of vitamin K2 homologues (MK-4, MK-5, MK-6, MK-7, and MK-8) with the major component being MK7 and accounting for more than 90% of total vitamin K2 production [157]. Depending on the strategy employed, Bacillus subtilis natto has been reported to produce MK-7 with yields of 3.6 mg/L in a mutant strain resistant to 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid (HNA) [158], 32.2 mg/L in an isolated strain from the traditional Japanese food natto fermented for 72 h [159], 35.0 mg/L in a menadione-resistant mutant strain isolated from natto cultivated for four days [160], and 1719 µg/100 g natto [161] in a multiple resistant mutant strain.…”

Section: Vitamin K2mentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitamin K as a Diet Supplement with Impact in Human Health: Current Evidence in Age-Related Diseases

et al. 2020

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Vitamin K health benefits have been recently widely shown to extend beyond blood homeostasis and implicated in chronic low-grade inflammatory diseases such as cardiovascular disease, osteoarthritis, dementia, cognitive impairment, mobility disability, and frailty. Novel and more efficient nutritional and therapeutic options are urgently needed to lower the burden and the associated health care costs of these age-related diseases. Naturally occurring vitamin K comprise the phylloquinone (vitamin K1), and a series of menaquinones broadly designated as vitamin K2 that differ in source, absorption rates, tissue distribution, bioavailability, and target activity. Although vitamin K1 and K2 sources are mainly dietary, consumer preference for diet supplements is growing, especially when derived from marine resources. The aim of this review is to update the reader regarding the specific contribution and effect of each K1 and K2 vitamers in human health, identify potential methods for its sustainable and cost-efficient production, and novel natural sources of vitamin K and formulations to improve absorption and bioavailability. This new information will contribute to foster the use of vitamin K as a health-promoting supplement, which meets the increasing consumer demand. Simultaneously, relevant information on the clinical context and direct health consequences of vitamin K deficiency focusing in aging and age-related diseases will be discussed.

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Section: Vitamin K2mentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitamin K as a Diet Supplement with Impact in Human Health: Current Evidence in Age-Related Diseases

et al. 2020

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“…In addition, B. subtilis as delivery vectors is also used to develop vaccines against TGEV in pigs (Mou et al, 2016). Additionally, more functions such as the antimicrobial activity of B. subtilis have been identified with the discovery and isolation of new strains (Sato et al, 2001; Phelan et al, 2013; Piewngam et al, 2018; Bartolini et al, 2019; Swartzendruber et al, 2019). For example, it has been found by Bartolini et al (2019) that the stress-responsive alternative sigma factor (SigB) of B. subtilis enhanced antifungal proficiency by increasing the synthesis of lipopeptide surfactin.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Newly Isolated Bacillus subtilis Strain Named WS-1 Inhibited Diarrhea and Death Caused by Pathogenic Escherichia coli in Newborn Piglets

et al. 2019

Front. Microbiol.

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Bacillus subtilis is recognized as a safe and reliable human and animal probiotic and is associated with bioactivities such as production of vitamin and immune stimulation. Additionally, it has great potential to be used as an alternative to antimicrobial drugs, which is significant in the context of antibiotic abuse in food animal production. In this study, we isolated one strain of B. subtilis , named WS-1, from apparently healthy pigs growing with sick cohorts on one Escherichia coli endemic commercial pig farm in Guangdong, China. WS-1 can strongly inhibit the growth of pathogenic E. coli in vitro . The B. subtilis strain WS-1 showed typical Bacillus characteristics by endospore staining, biochemical test, enzyme activity analysis, and 16S rRNA sequence analysis. Genomic analysis showed that the B. subtilis strain WS-1 shares 100% genomic synteny with B. subtilis with a size of 4,088,167 bp. Importantly, inoculation of newborn piglets with 1.5 × 10 10 CFU of B. subtilis strain WS-1 by oral feeding was able to clearly inhibit diarrhea ( p < 0.05) and death ( p < 0.05) caused by pathogenic E. coli in piglets. Furthermore, histopathological results showed that the WS-1 strain could protect small intestine from lesions caused by E. coli infection. Collectively, these findings suggest that the probiotic B. subtilis strain WS-1 acts as a potential biocontrol agent protecting pigs from pathogenic E. coli infection. Importance: In this work, one B. subtilis strain (WS-1) was successfully isolated from apparently healthy pigs growing with sick cohorts on one E. coli endemic commercial pig farm in Guangdong, China. The B. subtilis strain WS-1 was identified to inhibit the growth of pathogenic E. coli both in vitro and in vivo , indicating its potential application in protecting newborn piglets from diarrhea caused by E. coli infections. The isolation and characterization will help better understand this bacterium, and the strain WS-1 can be further explored as an alternative to antimicrobial drugs to protect human and animal health.

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“…MK-7 is the main product synthesised by B . subtilis , and it accounts for over 95% of the total amount of all formed menaquinones [ 72 , 73 ]. Chemical synthesis is a more economical method.…”

Section: Daily Intake and Dietary Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between Structure and Biological Activity of Various Vitamin K Forms

Bus

Szterk

2021

Foods

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Vitamin K is involved many biological processes, such as the regulation of blood coagulation, prevention of vascular calcification, bone metabolism and modulation of cell proliferation. Menaquinones (MK) and phylloquinone vary in biological activity, showing different bioavailability, half-life and transport mechanisms. Vitamin K1 and MK-4 remain present in the plasma for 8–24 h, whereas long-chain menaquinones can be detected up to 96 h after administration. Geometric structure is also an important factor that conditions their properties. Cis-phylloquinone shows nearly no biological activity. An equivalent study for menaquinone is not available. The effective dose to decrease uncarboxylated osteocalcin was six times lower for MK-7 than for MK-4. Similarly, MK-7 affected blood coagulation system at dose three to four times lower than vitamin K1. Both vitamin K1 and MK-7 inhibited the decline in bone mineral density, however benefits for the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases have been observed only for long-chain menaquinones. There are currently no guidelines for the recommended doses and forms of vitamin K in the prevention of osteoporosis, atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular disorders. Due to the presence of isomers with unknown biological properties in some dietary supplements, quality and safety of that products may be questioned.

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Production of Menaquinone (vitamin K2)-7 by Bacillus subtilis

Cited by 91 publications

References 20 publications

Vitamin K as a Diet Supplement with Impact in Human Health: Current Evidence in Age-Related Diseases

Vitamin K as a Diet Supplement with Impact in Human Health: Current Evidence in Age-Related Diseases

A Newly Isolated Bacillus subtilis Strain Named WS-1 Inhibited Diarrhea and Death Caused by Pathogenic Escherichia coli in Newborn Piglets

Relationship between Structure and Biological Activity of Various Vitamin K Forms

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