Production, respiration, and photophysiology of the mangrove jellyfish Cassiopea xamachana symbiotic with zooxanthellae:effect of jellyfish size and season

Verde, E. Alan; McCloskey, L. R.

doi:10.3354/meps168147

Cited by 91 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Furthermore, Cassiopea sp. exhibited a high net photosynthesis to respiration quotient (Q), hinting towards functional autotrophy, as supported by the studies of Cates (1975) and Verde & McCloskey (1998). Therefore Cassiopea sp.…”

mentioning

confidence: 55%

“…These microalgae live as symbionts in the oral appendages and the bell of Cassiopea sp. Within the bell they are mainly located beneath the exumbrella and particularly beneath the subumbrellar endodermal epithelia (Bigelow 1900, Blanquet & Riordan 1981, and can reach relatively high densities (1.52 × 10 6 to 2.68 × 10 6 cells mg -1 protein; Verde & McCloskey 1998). The zooxanthellae provide a major source of energy to the holobiont, so that Cassiopea sp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The zooxanthellae provide a major source of energy to the holobiont, so that Cassiopea sp. may act as a functional photoautotroph, depending on light availability (Cates 1975, Verde & McCloskey 1998. Cassiopea sp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Enhanced pore-water nutrient fluxes by the upside-down jellyfish Cassiopea sp. in a Red Sea coral reef

Jantzen¹,

Wild²,

Rasheed³

et al. 2010

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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The common circum-tropical jellyfish Cassiopea sp., unlike other members of the Rhizostomidae (Scyphozoa), exhibits a primarily benthic life. The peculiar orientation of its exumbrella against the sediment is believed to be associated with its mainly autotrophic nutrition, i.e. exposing its zooxanthellae-bearing photosynthetic oral appendages to the sunlight. Here we show that the jellyfish also acts as a nutrient pump, drawing nutrient-rich pore waters from the permeable sediments. Depletion of pore-water ammonium in situ, light-enhanced ammonium uptake, and high rates of photosynthesis determined via oxygen flux measurements and underwater fluorometer analysis (rapid light curves) show that Cassiopea sp. effectively harnesses pore-water nutrients. At high densities Cassiopea sp. may facilitate benthic-pelagic coupling and primary production in oligotrophic coral reefs.KEY WORDS: Cassiopea sp. · Upside-down jellyfish · Advective pore-water transport · Nutrient uptake · Nutrient regeneration · Sediment · Photosynthesis · Zooxanthellae Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherMar Ecol Prog Ser 411: [117][118][119][120][121][122][123][124][125] 2010 sporine acids (Banaszak & Trench 1995), as demonstrated for corals and giant clams (Shick et al. 1995, Ishikura et al. 1997. Furthermore, Cassiopea sp. has a special blue mesogloeal protein that serves as a shield against damaging solar radiation, while simultaneously allowing photosynthetically active wavelengths to reach the zooxanthellae (Blanquet & Phelan 1987).Cassiopea sp. has an upside-down orientation, with the exumbrella facing the substrate, its beating motion and mucus (Gohar & Eisawy 1960) fixing the animal in place so that 'especially the larger ones would not ordinarily leave the bottom' (Bigelow 1900, p. 191). This unusual modus vivendi of Cassiopea sp. has prompted speculations that the jellyfish's activity may represent a mechanism to maintain its position with respect to sunlight, thus enabling prolonged exposure of the zooxanthellae-laden oral appendages and the subumbrella (Gohar & Eisawy 1960). It has also been considered a feeding strategy, whereby autotrophic nutrition is accomplished via the capture of interstitial microorganisms flushed across its oral appendages (Larson 1997), entangled in mucus, and subsequently consumed by the many secondary mouths (Bigelow 1900). Nutrient requirements for photosynthesis may partly be met by this digestion of plankton or suspended organic matter.Cassiopea sp. usually occurs on sandy patches in coral reefs, seagrass beds or mangroves characterised by calm waters. These permeable sandy sediments function as large-scale filter systems (e.g. Hansen et al. 1992, Holguin et al. 2001, where accumulated organic material is effectively decomposed by high abundances of heterotrophic microbes ) and regenerated nutrients are stored interstitially (Rasheed et al. 2002, Wild et al. 2005. Sedimentary nutrient recycling is mainly achieved by anaerobic microbes below a rat...

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mentioning

confidence: 55%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Enhanced pore-water nutrient fluxes by the upside-down jellyfish Cassiopea sp. in a Red Sea coral reef

Jantzen¹,

Wild²,

Rasheed³

et al. 2010

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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“…Minimum and maximum CVs (ml) were divided by minimum and maximum medusa WWs (g) to yield a range of ratios of CV to WW (CV:WW ratio) for each study. CV for studies of McCloskey et al (1994) and Verde & McCloskey (1998) were in McCloskey et al (1985). Data on WW, CV, and RR were kindly provided by the authors of previous publications, specifically, Uye & Shimauchi (2005), Møller & Riisgård (2007), and Uye (2008).…”

Section: Container Effects On Scyphomedusa Respiration Ratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of respiration rates of scyphozoan jellyfish to estimate their effects on the food web

et al. 2010

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One of the main objectives of research on jellyfish is to determine their effects on the food web. They are voracious consumers that have similar diets to those of zooplanktivorous fish, as well as eating microplankton and ichthyoplankton. Respiration rates (RRs) can be used to estimate the amount of food needed to balance metabolism, and thereby estimate minimum ingestion. We compiled RRs for scyphozoan medusae in three suborders (Semeaostomeae, Rhizostomeae, and Coronatae) to determine if a single regression could relate RRs to mass for diverse scyphomedusan species. Temperature (7-30°C) was not a significant factor. RRs versus wet weight (WW) regressions differed significantly for semeaostome and rhizostome medusae; however, RRs versus carbon mass over five-orders of magnitude did not differ significantly among suborders. RRs were isometric against medusa carbon mass, with data for all species scaling to the power 0.94. The scyphomedusa respiration rate (SRR) regression enables estimation of RR for any scyphomedusa from its carbon mass. The error of the SRR regression was ±72%, which is small in comparison with the 1,000-fold variation in field sampling. This predictive equation (RR in ml O 2 d -1 = 83.37 * g C 0.940 ) can be used to estimate minimum ingestion by scyphomedusae without exhaustive collection of feeding data. In addition, effects of confinement on RRs during incubation of medusae were tested. Large medusae incubated in small container volumes (CV) relative to their size (ratios of CV:WW \ 50) had RRs *one-tenth those of medusae in relatively larger containers. Depleted oxygen during incubation did not depress RRs of the medusae; however, swimming may have been restricted and respiration reduced in consequence. We briefly review other problems with RR experiments and suggest protocols and limitations for estimating ingestion rates of jellyfish from metabolic rates.

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“…Herein we extend these findings by showing that some nearshore, impacted areas also may be related to higher densities of zooxanthellae in Cassiopea tissue, a potential mechanism driving Cassiopea blooms. Jellyfish tissues from Abaco had lower zooxanthellae densities than medusae collected from the Florida Keys (Table 1; Vodenichar 1995, Verde & McCloskey 1998, Estes et al 2003. The Florida Keys are more heavily populated than Abaco, so it is conceivable that higher zooxanthellae densities from Florida Cassiopea reflect increased nutrient availability derived from human activities.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of zooxanthellae densities from upside-down jellyfish, Cassiopea xamachana, across coastal habitats of The Bahamas

Stoner

Sebilian

Layman

2016

Rev. biol. mar. oceanogr.

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Abstract.-Anthropogenic disturbances may drive jellyfish blooms, and previous studies have suggested this is the case for upsidedown jellyfish (Cassiopea xamachana). Cassiopea were found to have higher mean zooxanthellae densities in human-impacted areas on Abaco Island, The Bahamas, suggesting that nutrient loading in impacted sites may be one factor driving zooxanthellate jellyfish blooms. Gut contents from Cassiopea medusae were positively correlated to zooxanthellae densities, indicating that heterotrophically-derived nutrition may be an important factor in facilitating increased zooxanthellae population densities. Understanding the mechanisms driving jellyfish blooms is crucial for developing effective management strategies in impacted coastal ecosystems.

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Production, respiration, and photophysiology of the mangrove jellyfish Cassiopea xamachana symbiotic with zooxanthellae:effect of jellyfish size and season

Cited by 91 publications

References 37 publications

Enhanced pore-water nutrient fluxes by the upside-down jellyfish Cassiopea sp. in a Red Sea coral reef

Enhanced pore-water nutrient fluxes by the upside-down jellyfish Cassiopea sp. in a Red Sea coral reef

Use of respiration rates of scyphozoan jellyfish to estimate their effects on the food web

Comparison of zooxanthellae densities from upside-down jellyfish, Cassiopea xamachana, across coastal habitats of The Bahamas

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