“…If children are regularly exposed to more than one language,
their lexical abilities will develop according to the input received in each one of
them (e.g., Bohmann et al, 2009; De Houwer,
Bornstein, & Putnick, 2014 ; Hoff et
al., 2012 ; Place & Hoff, 2011
; Rinker, Budde-Spengler, & Sachse, 2016
; Song, Tamis-LeMonda, Yoshikawa, Kahana-Kalman,
& Wu, 2011 ; for a review see Gatt
& O’Toole, 2016 ; Hammer et
al., 2014). A small to medium vocabulary disadvantage for bilingual
children has been reported when only one language is considered and has been linked
to reduction of input when the total language input is divided between two languages
(Bialystok, Luk, Peets, & Yang, 2010
; Cote & Bornstein, 2014 ; Hoff et al, 2012 ; Junker & Stockman, 2002 ; Klassert, Gagarina, & Kauschke, 2014 ; Quiroz et al, 2010 ; Thordardottir, 2011 ; for a review see Unsworth, 2013). Multilingual or foreign language family environments
in Germany are very often confounded with specific characteristics of the social
environment, including higher incidence of poverty, educational disadvantages, and
discrimination (e.g., Kigel, McElvany, & Becker,
2015).…”