Profile and bioconcentration of minerals by King Bolete (Boletus edulis) from the Płocka Dale in Poland

Abstract

This study aimed to provide basic data on the composition of metallic elements, including toxicologically important Cd and Hg, in popular and prized wild King Bolete mushrooms. We investigated the importance of soil substratum as a source of these metals. ICP-OES and CV-AAS were applied to determine the profile of Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Sr and Zn in caps and stipes of King Bolete mushroom and in the surface layer of soil (0-10 cm) from the Płocka Dale area of Poland. Hg, Cu, Cd, Zn, Mg and K exhibited bioconcentration factors (BCF) > 1. Specifically, Hg, Cu and Cd (mean BCFs for caps were 110, 19 and 16, respectively) were efficiently bioconcentrated by King Bolete, while other elements were bioexcluded (BCF < 1). Cadmium was present in the caps at mean levels of 5.5 ± 2.4 mg kg(-1) dry weight (dw) and mercury at levels of 4.9 ± 1.4 mg kg(-1) dw, both occurring at elevated concentrations in those King Bolete mushrooms surveyed.

Content and Bioaccumulation of Nine Mineral Elements in Ten Mushroom Species of the GenusBoletus

“…K contents in caps and stalks of Boletus edulis (cap: 29000 mg/kg, stalk: 20000 mg/kg dw) and Boletus subtomentosus (cap: 46000 mg/kg, stalk: 43000 mg/kg dw) from Poland were much higher than the values in our study (cap: 9017–18968 mg/kg, stalk: 4865–15325 mg/kg dw) [8, 26]. P contents were found at the ranges of 4942–10611 mg/kg dw and 2176–5621 mg/kg dw for caps and stalks of Boletus , respectively.…”

“…Bioconcentration factor (BCF) is the ratio of the element content in fruiting body (cap or stalk) to the content in underlying substrate, which can express the ability of fungi to accumulate elements from substrate [7]. If BCF exceeds unity (BCF > 1) it indicates the accumulation of elements in fungus, and if BCF is below unity (BCF < 1) it excludes bioaccumulation [8]. Bioaccumulation capacity of mushroom is usually affected by fungal lifestyle, age of fruiting body, specific species and element, and environment such as pH, organic matter, and pollution [5].…”

The trace element content of top-soil and wild edible mushroom samples collected in Tuscany, Italy

“…Edible mushrooms contain chitin, β-glucans, and vitamins (Manzi et al 2001), with therapeutic properties for hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, or cardiovascular diseases, together compounds conferring unique flavor and aroma. Fungi and including wild-edible species are also characterized by the ability to take trace minerals from soils and to accumulate them in tissues of fruiting bodies (Stijve et al 1998; Thomet et al 1999;Kalač and Svoboda 2000;Zimmermanovà et al 2001;Falandysz et al 2002;Kalač et al 2004;Rudawska and Leski 2005;Olumuyiwa et al 2007;Tuzen et al 2007;Chudzyński and Falandysz 2008;Frankowska et al 2010;Brzostowski et al 2011a;Chudzyński et al 2011).…”

Mercury in bay bolete (Xerocomus badius): bioconcentration by fungus and assessment of element intake by humans eating fruiting bodies

“…These quantities do not account for the amount harvested annually by numerous non-commercial collectors in Poland, where wild mushroom picking is a traditional activity. Some species of higher fungi (macromycetes) are known for their ability to accumulate metallic elements, including hazardous heavy metals such as Hg, Cd or Pb (Stijve and Besson 1976;Gast et al 1988;Melgar et al 1998;Falandysz, Szymczyk, et al 2001;Malinowska et al 2004;Dogaˇn et al 2006;Falandysz, Frankowska, et al 2007;Falandysz, Gucia, et al 2007;Falandysz, Kunito, Kubota, Brzostowski, et al 2007;Falandysz, Kunito, Kubota, Lipka, et al 2007;Chudzyn´ski and Falandysz 2008;Falandysz, Kunito, Kubota, Bielawski, et al 2008;Falandysz, Kunito, Kubota, Gucia, et al 2008;Brzostowski et al 2009;Frankowska et al 2010;Brzostowski, Jarzyn´ska, Kojta, et al 2011;Falandysz et al 2011;Jarzyn´ska et al 2011;Kojta et al 2011;. Concentrations of trace elements in underlying soil or other substratum and bioavailability are among the factors that can affect the concentrations of metals in fruiting bodies (carpophores) of fungi (Bargagli and Baldi 1984;Falandysz et al 1994;Ř anda and Kucˇera 2004;Stijve et al 2004;Borovicˇka et al 2010).…”