Profile and mechanisms of gastrointestinal and other side effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

Oxaprozin-Loaded Lipid Nanoparticles towards Overcoming NSAIDs Side-Effects

“…The carboxylic acid that generally makes part of the NSAIDs chemical structure leads to gastrointestinal irritation when orally administrated [16,30]. Besides that, because non-selective COX inhibitors block COX-1 activity, they prevent mucosal cytoprotective PGs formation enhancing gastrointestinal toxicity [8,9,19,20].…”

“…NSAIDs are a very heterogeneous group of molecules with different molecular structures, being the majority organic acids with low water solubility [18,30,[32][33][34]. NSAIDs capability to interact with COX-1 and COX-2 is directly related to its chemical properties allowing the carboxylic acid the interaction with COX-1 and having lipophilic drugs a more strong interaction with COX-2 [35].…”

“…So, non-selective COX inhibitors generally have carboxylic acids or ketoenolic acids in their constitution while COX-2 selective inhibitors have sulphonamide functional groups on a diarylheterocyclic ring. COX-2 selective inhibitors have been created in order to possess low gastrointestinal adverse effects, reason why their moieties confer them high values of pKa and avoid their interaction with COX-1 [30]. Some NSAIDs properties are summarized on Table1.…”

Beneficial Effects of Camellia Oil (<i>Camellia oleifera</i> Abel.) on Hepatoprotective and Gastroprotective Activities

“…Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including aspirin, diclofenac, indomethacin, naproxen and ketoprofen, are all available to control acute and chronic pain of rheumatoid arthritis and to alleviate swelling as medications with anti-inflammatory effects, but their usage causes oxidative injury to the gastrointestinal mucosa in clinical medicine (18,19). The appearance of lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage in the mucosa is correlated with intestinal diseases, chronic intestinal inflammation or ulcers (1).…”

Experimental Study of the New Non-Opioid Analgesic Pyrodazol and Ketorolac in the Rats

“…Non-narcotic analgesics and NSAIDs are usually effective for mild and moderate pain, however they could cause a number of serious side effects (hepatonephrotoxicity haemotoxicity, etc.) [14]. The adjuvant analgesics (ά2-adrenomimetics, m-anticholinergics(mcholine blockers), etc.)…”