R. RNA-sequencing analysis of high glucose-treated monocytes reveals novel transcriptome signatures and associated epigenetic profiles. Physiol Genomics 45: 287-299, 2013. First published February 5, 2013 doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00001.2013.-We performed high throughput transcriptomic profiling with RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) to uncover network responses in human THP-1 monocytes treated with high glucose (HG). Our data analyses revealed that interferon (IFN) signaling, pattern recognition receptors, and activated interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) were enriched among the HGupregulated genes. Motif analysis identified an HG-responsive IRFmediated network in which interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) were enriched. Notably, this network showed strong overlap with a recently discovered IRF7-driven network relevant to Type 1 diabetes. We next examined if the HG-regulated genes possessed any characteristic chromatin features in the basal state by profiling 15 active and repressive chromatin marks under normal glucose conditions using chromatin immunoprecipitation linked to promoter microarrays. Composite profiles revealed higher histone H3 lysine-9-acetylation levels around the promoters of HG-upregulated genes compared with all RefSeq promoters. Interestingly, within the HG-upregulated genes, active chromatin marks were enriched not only at high CpG content promoters, but surprisingly also at low CpG content promoters. Similar results were obtained with peripheral blood monocytes exposed to HG. These new results reveal a novel mechanism by which HG can exercise IFN-␣-like effects in monocytes by upregulating a set of ISGs poised for activation with multiple chromatin marks. high glucose; monocytes; diabetic complications; interferon regulatory factors; chromatin state CHRONIC HYPERGLYCEMIA OR GLUCOSE toxicity associated with both Type 1 (T1D) and Type 2 diabetes has been attributed to the development of various complications including cardiovascular disease, neuropathy, nephropathy, and retinopathy (7,8,17,48). These complications can result from the adverse effects of high glucose (HG) on many fundamental biological processes in target tissues and cells. As the soaring rates of diabetes and its complications have become major health care issues, it is imperative to examine the underlying mechanisms by evaluating signaling molecules, networks, genetic, and epigenetic elements that contribute to the relevant deregulated pathways using emerging new technologies.Several biochemical mechanisms have been implicated in hyperglycemia-induced cellular damage (7,8), including increased oxidant stress, activation of protein kinase C and other signaling kinases, as well as formation of advanced glycation end products. Evidence also shows that the expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, Toll-like receptors, and many signaling molecules are affected by HG in primary human monocytes and THP-1 monocytes (5,10,11,13,20,24,32,(45)(46)(47)53) and that this leads to the impairment of key biological pathways. Despite the...