Profiles of immune‐related genes and immune cell infiltration in the tumor microenvironment of diffuse lower‐grade gliomas

Abstract

The tumor microenvironment is highly correlated with tumor occurrence, progress, and prognosis. We aimed to investigate the immune-related gene (IRG) expression and immune infiltration pattern in the tumor microenvironment of lower-grade glioma (LGG). We employed the Estimation of STromal and Immune cells in MAlignant Tumor tissues using Expression data (ESTIMATE) algorithm to calculate immune and stromal scores and identify prognostic IRG based on The Cancer Genome Atlas data set. The potential molecular functions of these genes were explored with the help of functional enrichment analysis and the protein-protein interaction network. Remarkably, three cohorts that were downloaded from the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas database were analyzed to further verify the prognostic values of these genes. Moreover, the Tumor IMmune Estimation Resource (TIMER) algorithm was used to estimate the abundance of infiltrating immune cells and explore the immune infiltration pattern in LGG. And unsupervised cluster analysis determined three clusters of the immune infiltration pattern and indicated that CD8 + T cells and macrophages were significantly associated with LGG outcomes. Altogether, our study identified a list of prognostic IRGs and provided a perspective to explore the immune infiltration pattern in LGG.

Expression of m6A Regulators Correlated With Immune Microenvironment Predicts Therapeutic Efficacy and Prognosis in Gliomas

“…Besides, the immune and stroma scores and immune cell infiltration was higher in cluster1. However, previous studies revealed that high immune and stroma scores as well as high infiltration of macrophages were associated with poor prognosis, which was reversed with our results in consensus clustering (Deng et al, 2020;Ni et al, 2020;Tian et al, 2020). Therefore, we further constructed a risk model to explore and validate the association between m6A regulators and the immune microenvironment.…”

“…When patients in the training and validation cohorts were divided into high risk and low risk groups based on the risk score, the high risk group had a higher stroma and immune scores and a lower tumor purity. Previous studies found that stroma and immune scores calculated by ESTIMATE algorithm were meaningful for the classification and prognosis of glioblastoma and lower-grade gliomas (Jia et al, 2018;Deng et al, 2020). Besides, the abundance of immune cells such as CD8 + T cell, neutrophil, macrophage, and dendritic cell was highly infiltrated in the high risk group.…”

Development and Validation of An Immune-Related Gene Pair Signature in Skin Cutaneous Melanoma

“…GAST, PDGFA and STC1. Other studies on IRG signatures in human cancers include breast cancer [12], colorectal cancer [27], hepatocellular cancer [28], lung cancer [29], and gliomas [30]. Therefore, based on TCGA and microarray methods, IRG signatures for predicting the prognosis of patients have increasingly become the focus of research.…”

Pan-Cancer Analyses Reveal Prognostic Value of Osteomimicry Across 20 Solid Cancer Types

“…Tumor microenvironment has long been shown playing an important role in cancer progression, response to clinical intervention including immunotherapy, and clinical outcome of cancer patients (Schelker et al, 2017;Binnewies et al, 2018;Deng et al, 2020). However, whether osteomimicry had any impact on the tumor microenvironment remained obscure.…”