Profiling of Primary Metabolites and Volatiles in Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) Seed Kernels and Fruits in the Context of Its Different Cultivars and Soil Type as Analyzed Using Chemometric Tools

Abstract

The goal of this study was to assess nutrient primary metabolites and aroma determinants in Prunus armeniaca L. fruits and seed kernels grown in Egypt represented by its different cultivars and agricultural conditions i.e., two different soil types (muddy versus sandy). Two techniques were employed to assess non-volatile and volatile metabolites using gas chromatography mass-spectrometry (GC-MS) post silylation, and headspace solid-phase micro-extraction (HS-SPME) coupled GC-MS, respectively. A total of 36 peaks belonging to sugars, fatty acids/esters and organic acids were identified by GC–MS in various apricot fruits and seed kernels cultivars. Glucose and sucrose were enriched in apricot fruits compared to the seed kernels. A total of 70 volatiles were identified, with lactones, alcohols and esters representing the main classes of apricot volatiles accounting for its discrete aroma. (E)-Anethole, β-ionone, γ-decanolactone and methyl palmitate were the major peaks contributing to the discrimination between various fruit cultivars and providing novel insight on apricot metabolome.

Comparative Metabolite Profiling and Fingerprinting of Medicinal Cinnamon Bark and Its Commercial Preparations via a Multiplex Approach of GC–MS, UV, and NMR Techniques

“…The lactone-related compounds are not a common class of VOCs except in a few plant species as in apricot [ 37 ]. However, in the current study, lactones showed large variation among authenticated drugs ranging from 1.2–44.8%, being represented by only a few numbers of peaks, including prunolide (P42), hydrocoumarin (P50), and coumarin (P61), Table S1 .…”

Unveiling Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Compositional Differences between Dukkah and Za’atar via SPME-GCMS and HPLC-DAD

“…Peaks were deconvoluted using AMDIS software ( ; accessed on 12 July 2022) and identified by their retention indices (RI) relative to n-alkanes (C6–C20), mass spectra matching to NIST, the WILEY library database, and authentic standards when possible [ 57 ]. For quantification, the relative percentile based on peak area was used as previously reported by Farag et al (2022) [ 58 ].…”

Apricot Kernel: Bioactivity, Characterization, Applications, and Health Attributes

“…Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) is an advanced analytical technique effectively used for the characterization of extracted bioactive compounds or oils from various food products. For example, the composition of fatty acid in the apricot kernel was estimated using the GCMS, and the gastroprotective properties were also studied [ 12 ]. Herein, results of GCMS showed that apricot kernel oil is rich in several fatty acids including palmitic acids (3.11%), stearic acid (8.38%), eicosadienoic acid (15.45%), linoleic acid (16.58%), and oleic acid (56.48%) [ 57 ].…”

“…According to available literature, it has been concluded that apricot kernels can also be utilized for thermal energy storage [ 5 ], traditional medicine [ 6 ], production or maintaining the quality of oils [ 7 ], cosmetic products [ 8 , 9 ], food products [ 10 ], and fabrication of antimicrobial film [ 11 ]. Especially in the food industry, apricot kernels along with skins are used in the formulation of bakery and confectionery products [ 12 ]. Depending upon the different varieties, apricot seeds contain cyanogenic glycoside amygdalin.…”