ProFlow nano‐liquid chromatography with a graphene oxide‐functionalized monolithic nano‐column for the simultaneous determination of chloramphenicol and chloramphenicol glucuronide in foods

Abstract

Chloramphenicol (CAP) is an effective antibiotic with broad spectrum against gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacteria, while it is used to treat various infections in animals. Although CAP is banned for usage in the livestock products including, milk, honey, seafood, and royal jelly, CAP is still often detected in foods of animal origin, posing a threat to consumer health. The use of CAP is restricted in many countries due to its side effect in human metabolic process according to the Expert Committee on Food Additives (ECFA) recommendation. Chloramphenicol glucuronide (CAPG) is also a metabolic product of CAP, which may be a hazardous chemical for human health. Therefore, the development of sensitive separation and quantification method is an important issue, especially for food safety. Herein, we reported the preparation and application of a monolithic nano‐column for CAP and CAPG analyses in foods by ProFlow Nano liquid chromatography (ProFlow Nano LC). The monolithic nano‐column was prepared by an in situ polymerization using 3‐chloro‐2‐hydroxypropylmethacrylate (HPMA‐Cl) and ethylene dimethacrylate (EDMA) and followed graphene oxide (GO) modification. After characterization, the monolithic nano‐column was used for the analysis of CAP and CAPG in honey and milk samples by ProFlow Nano LC. The whole method was validated in terms of linearity, sensitivity, precision, recovery, and repeatability, while it led to obtain high sensitivity with limit of quantification was found as 0.02 µg/kg for CAP. Limit of quantification for CAPG was found as 0.08 µg/kg. The developed method with monolithic nano‐column was optimized to achieve very sensitive analyses of CAP and CAPG in the food samples. The applicability of the nano‐column was successfully demonstrated by the analysis of CAP and CAPG in milk and honey samples. Practical Application This article describes the preparation and application of a monolithic nano‐column for the separation and determination of chloramphenicol and chloramphenicol glucuronide in food samples by ProFlow Nano LC. The use of new and advanced techniques is a crucial issue in the food science and technology. In this sense, this study demonstrated a new food analysis method using advanced instrumental technique with a homemade monolithic nano‐column.

Nano-Liquid Chromatography with a New Monolithic Column for the Analysis of Coenzyme Q10 in Pistachio Samples

“…Various LC-UV systems were used for the analysis of CoQ10 in different samples such as meat [ 9 ], bee pollen [ 10 ], and several other food resources [ 22 ]. In our recent studies, various monolithic columns were prepared and used for the analysis of several anions in honey [ 23 ], CAP and CAPG in milk and honey [ 12 ], casein variants in milk [ 13 ]. In this study, a new monolithic column with a 50 µm i.d.…”

“…This technology is now a reliable alternative to the classical HPLC in many areas of analysis. Among other miniaturized LC techniques, nano-LC is a promising tool for advanced food analysis [ 12 , 13 ]. The use of nano-LC in food analysis allows for several advantages, including great separation efficiency, a reduced consumption of chemicals, and green and advanced chromatography.…”

Determination of the geographic origin of 52 honey samples based on the assessment of anionic content profiling with a new algorithm using monolithic column‐based micellar nano‐liquid chromatography

“…Table 1 shows the calibration values, including LOD, LOQ, recovery, and correlation coefficients ( R 2 ). All recovery values were calculated according to the published literature (Demir & Aydoğan, 2022), which is based on the ratio of the mean peak area of an analyte spiked before extraction to the mean peak area of an analyte spiked postextraction multiplied by 100 by carrying out five replicates at each spiked level ( n = 5). As shown Table 1, good recovery values could be obtained, and the results also showed a good linearity ( R 2 > 0.998).…”

“…This was established and was plotted by the concentration of the standards to respective internal standard ( x ) versus the peak area ratio ( y ). LOD ( n = 3) and LOQ ( n = 5) were calculated by the spiked samples (Demir & Aydoğan, 2022), while the LOD and LOQ may also be calculated from the chromatograms of the samples spiked at the lowest validation concentration for an S/N of 3 and 10, respectively (Wabaidur et al., 2016). The other values based on recovery and repeatability were measured using the spiked samples at three concentration levels.…”

“…This technique has established itself as an indispensable tool for bioanalytical research, especially in the field of proteomics, which requires the highest levels of sensitivity. These technique is crucial for advanced food analysis when considering the current advances and challenging in foodomics and advanced food science (Aydoğan, 2019; Demir & Aydoğan, 2022; Şeker et al., 2022; Valdés et al., 2022). The mineral contents of honey have been determined by using many different techniques such as ion chromatography (Fermo et al., 2013a), capillary electrophoresis and classical HPLC (Kalaycıoğlu & Erim, 2019; Khan et al., 2016, 2020), ICP‐MS (Kılıç Altun et al., 2017), and solid phase extraction with activated carbon cloth‐filled pipette tip (Habila et al., 2018).…”