“…Receptors for EGF, CSF-1, IL-6, TNF are present on the trophoblast surface (331,256,14,260), and have been demonstrated to regulate trophoblast growth and differentiation (256,5,110). In addition, placental steroids (progesterone and estrogen) have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties, and may contribute to some non-specific immunosuppression (301,96), although additional immunosuppressive mechanisms seem to be ofgreater importance (160): Most current reports on the subject focus on the evasive strategies ofthe placenta, and in particular, the trophoblasts. These cells selectively express membrane antigens: syncytiotrophoblasts do not express classical MHC antigen (95,324,370), and will therefore not trigger T cell mediated immune responses (309).…”