Progesterone in Peri- and Postmenopause: A Review

Regidor, Pedro‐Antonio

doi:10.1055/s-0034-1383297

Cited by 22 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…8 Norethisterone has both estrogenic (which can explain cholestasis) and androgenic effects. 9,10 There are reports of hepatitic type injury with androgens 11 and the possible mechanism of DILI in current series should be related to androgenic effect of norethisterone. Generally Norethisterone is used for short periods of time.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Norethisterone Related Drug Induced Liver Injury: A Series of 3 Cases

Choudhary

Bodh

Chaudhari

et al. 2017

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology

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Drug induced liver injury (DILI) is uncommon and severe forms are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Female sex hormones (estrogens and progestogens) related DILI generally occur with estrogen component. Progesterone component related DILI are infrequently reported. Norethisterone is commonly used drug in gynecologic practice to prevent excess per vaginal bleeding. We report 3 cases of Norethisterone related DILI manifesting as significant rise of transaminases. All of these patients took Norethisterone for prolonged periods and improved completely after withdrawal of drug.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Norethisterone Related Drug Induced Liver Injury: A Series of 3 Cases

Choudhary

Bodh

Chaudhari

et al. 2017

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology

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“…Progesterone secretion generally occurs in conjunction with E2, as it is regulated by gonadotropins and secreted by the ovaries and the placenta (Rossmanith et al, 1990). It binds to progesterone receptors to thicken the lining of the uterus and stimulate the formation of milk glands in the breast in preparation for pregnancy (Regidor, 2014). Progesterone remains at fairly low levels during childhood until adolescence where it is shown to increase in a cyclic manner depending on the phase of the menstrual cycle (Apter, 1980; Figure 4).…”

Section: Hormonal Changes During Female Puberty and Their Influences mentioning

confidence: 99%

Pubertal Hormonal Changes and the Autonomic Nervous System: Potential Role in Pediatric Orthostatic Intolerance

et al. 2019

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Puberty is initiated by hormonal changes in the adolescent body that trigger physical and behavioral changes to reach adult maturation. As these changes occur, some adolescents experience concerning pubertal symptoms that are associated with dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Vasovagal syncope (VVS) and Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS) are common disorders of the ANS associated with puberty that are related to orthostatic intolerance and share similar symptoms. Compared to young males, young females have decreased orthostatic tolerance and a higher incidence of VVS and POTS. As puberty is linked to changes in specific sex and non-sex hormones, and hormonal therapy sometimes improves orthostatic symptoms in female VVS patients, it is possible that pubertal hormones play a role in the increased susceptibility of young females to autonomic dysfunction. The purpose of this paper is to review the key hormonal changes associated with female puberty, their effects on the ANS, and their potential role in predisposing some adolescent females to cardiovascular autonomic dysfunctions such as VVS and POTS. Increases in pubertal hormones such as estrogen, thyroid hormones, growth hormone, insulin, and insulin-like growth factor-1 promote vasodilatation and decrease blood volume. This may be exacerbated by higher levels of progesterone, which suppresses catecholamine secretion and sympathetic outflow. Abnormal heart rate increases in POTS patients may be exacerbated by pubertal increases in leptin, insulin, and thyroid hormones acting to increase sympathetic nervous system activity and/or catecholamine levels. Given the coincidental timing of female pubertal hormone surges and adolescent onset of VVS and POTS in young women, coupled with the known roles of these hormones in modulating cardiovascular homeostasis, it is likely that female pubertal hormones play a role in predisposing females to VVS and POTS during puberty. Further research is necessary to confirm the effects of female pubertal hormones on autonomic function, and their role in pubertal autonomic disorders such as VVS and POTS, in order to inform the treatment and management of these debilitating disorders.

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“…Many other effects beyond the above mentioned have been described. They are listened in table 2 [39,40].…”

Section: Othersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antiandrogenic and Antimineralocorticoid Health Benefits of Combined Oral Contraceptives (= COC) containing Newer Progestogens: Dienogest and Drospirenone

Regidor¹

2017

Int J Endocrinol Metab Disord

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Data have demonstrated that COCs, besides offering a satisfactory and safe contraception, offer a variety of non-contraceptive health benefits and therapeutic positive aspects. Many prescribes and users, however, do not realize these positive aspects especially the non-contraceptive health benefits. While the contraceptive use is the primary indication for COC use for most women, these users should be advised in regard of the non-contraceptive benefits when contraception is discussed and prescribed. Using COCs specifically for non-contraceptive indications is an off-label use in many clinical situations (only some exceptions as e.g. acne vulgaris in some countries are allowed clinical entities for the use of these drugs. Therefore, appropriate discussions with the patient regarding this fact should be performed and documented by the prescribing physicians. Independent of the off-label situation, COCs containing the newer progestogens dienogest and drospirenone with their antiandrogenic and antimineralocorticoid health benefits play an important role in the management of many diseases and their use should therefore be considered by clinician's. This review will focus on the effects of these COCs on the endometrium, the skin, the fat tissue and the premenstrual syndrome.

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Progesterone in Peri- and Postmenopause: A Review

Cited by 22 publications

References 63 publications

Norethisterone Related Drug Induced Liver Injury: A Series of 3 Cases

Norethisterone Related Drug Induced Liver Injury: A Series of 3 Cases

Pubertal Hormonal Changes and the Autonomic Nervous System: Potential Role in Pediatric Orthostatic Intolerance

Antiandrogenic and Antimineralocorticoid Health Benefits of Combined Oral Contraceptives (= COC) containing Newer Progestogens: Dienogest and Drospirenone

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