Steroid hormone receptors (SHRs) are considered nuclear transcription factors that, upon activation by binding with their corresponding ligands, regulate the expression of different target genes. Ligand-activated SHRs act either by binding as dimers to their hormone-responsive elements (HREs) at promoters or by interaction with other DNA-bound factors. In both cases, the process results in the recruitment of coregulators, chromatin remodeling complexes, and the general transcriptional machinery (7). However, SHRs also modulate gene expression by activation of cytoplasmic signaling pathways (nongenomic actions) (22).The estrogen receptor (ER) binds to c-Src and to the phosphoinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) regulatory subunit, activating the Src/Ras/Erk and PI3K/Akt pathways, respectively (15, 41). These rapid effects triggered by hormones have been associated with their proliferative role. Ligand-activated progesterone receptor (PR) activates the Src/Ras/Erk pathway indirectly via an interaction with ER in the absence of estrogens (5), although direct interaction and activation of c-Src by PR has also been reported (11).The relationship between SHRs' direct transcriptional effects and those mediated by activation of cytoplasmic kinase cascades in the hormone-inducible mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) promoter was recently investigated (62). After progesterone treatment, Erk and Msk1 are activated and recruited with phosphorylated PR to the promoter, where histone H3 is phosphorylated and acetylated locally. These H3 modifications seem to be a key switch for the exchange of a repressive complex containing HP1␥ by coactivators, chromatin remodeling complexes, and RNA polymerase II (RNAP II). Thus, rapid kinase activation by progestin may participate in induction of PR direct target genes by preparing the chromatin for transcription, indicating that both PR actions cross talk to each other.In breast cancer cells, progestin also induces activation of the JAK/STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) pathway and the subsequent phosphorylation of STAT proteins (47). The activation of the JAK/STAT pathway is initiated by cytokines or growth factors binding to their specific membrane-associated receptor. Receptor dimerization leads to JAK activation, which sequentially autophosphorylates and phosphorylates the receptor and STAT proteins. STAT proteins dimerize, translocate to the nucleus, and bind to DNA