Prognosis among survivors of ischemic stroke

Baker, R. N.; Schwartz, W. S.; Ramseyer, J. C.

doi:10.1212/wnl.18.10.933

Cited by 77 publications

(20 citation statements)

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“…The yearly incidence of recurrent strokes in our study was 4.0%, slightly less than that noted by Baker and coworkers, 21 where 6% of their total Values are % of patients at each time. *Another reason, associated diseases in history or some new disease developed after stroke.…”

contrasting

confidence: 65%

Results of the seven-year prospective study of stroke patients.

Scmidt¹,

Smirnov²,

Ryabova³

1988

Stroke

116

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Using the registry method, 1,538 stroke patients were detected in one district of Moscow between January 1, 1972, and December 31, 1974. Of the 965 patients who survived the acute stage of stroke (the first 3 weeks after onset), 941 (505 women and 436 men) were followed for the next 7 years. We analyzed incidence and types of recurrent strokes. During this 7-year follow-up, we recorded 32.1% of the patients as having recurrent strokes, most of which developed in the first 3 years and especially during the first year after the index stroke. The majority of recurrent strokes were of the same type as the index stroke and were localized in the same area of the brain. The cumulative mortality rates for the initial 1,538 patients were 37.3% dead by 3 weeks, 63.6% dead by 3 years, 72.1% dead by 5 years, and 76.5% dead by 7 years. In the first 3 months (excluding the first 3 weeks), most patients who died died of pulmonary thromboembolism. The mortality rate from recurrent strokes and pneumonia was higher than that from cardiovascular mortality. Transient ischemic attacks occurred in 49.5% of all patients and myocardial infarction in 16.4%. Functional prognosis was determined mainly by age, motor function, and concomitant diseases. After 1 year, 68.2% of the surviving patients were fully independent, while 81% of those surviving 7 years had reached this level. A significant number of patients were capable of returning to their previous work. (Stroke 1988;19:942-949)

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contrasting

confidence: 65%

Results of the seven-year prospective study of stroke patients.

Scmidt¹,

Smirnov²,

Ryabova³

1988

Stroke

116

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“…The recurrence rate of 'stroke' approaches 10% per year, but mot studies were performed before CT scanning was available and do not differentiate the stroke types [16,17], In any case, pa tients with an ischemic stroke are at high risk of myocar dial infarction and are more likely to die from heart dis ease than recurrent stroke [ 18].…”

Section: Completed Ischemic Strokesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk of Cerebral Infarction, Myocardial Infarction and Vascular Death in Patients with Asymptomatic Carotid Disease, Transient Ischemic Attack and Stroke

Norris¹

1992

Cerebrovasc Dis

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The documented annual risk of ischemic cardiac, cerebral and other vascular events in patients with carotid stenosis depends upon the population studied, in addition to other established risk factors. The control groups included in medical or surgical trials are selected populations and are usually found to have lower event rates than the total cohort. Community studies indicate that, in patients with asymptomatic carotid disease, the annual stroke rate is about 1–2%, and that the death rate (usually due to cardiac causes) is 4–5%. Among the many factors influencing outcome, the severity of carotid stenosis is probably the most dominant. Patients with carotid stenoses of < 75% have annual stroke rates of 1–2%, while those with carotid stenoses of > 75 % have annual stroke rates of 5–6%, with a proportionately increased death rate. When symptomatic and asymptomatic groups are compared and matched for age and sex, a higher prevalence of carotid stenosis is found in stroke patients than in transient ischemic attack (TIA) patients; both stroke and TIA patients have more frequent and more severe carotid stenosis than asymptomatic patients. In patients with TIA and stroke, the evaluation of vascular risks also depends on the conditions under which the population has been studied. Community studies, especially those with prospective follow-up, such as the Mayo Clinic series, allow a more generalized perspective. In patients with TIA, the annual incidence of stroke is approximately 5–7%, and the annual death rate is approximately 7%. In patients with completed ischemic stroke, the annual rate of recurrent stroke is 10%, and the annual death rate is approximately 7%. The vascular outcome depends on a variety of factors. Morbidity and mortality are lower after vertebrobasilar strokes than after carotid strokes; outcome is also affected by clinical factors, such as age, and the presence of concomitant stroke risk factors, such as hypertension. In all forms of cerebrovascular disease, both symptomatic and asymptomatic the incidence of myocardial infarction and cardiac death is 4–5 times higher than the-incidence of stroke.

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“…different number of sessions, with the result that treatment onset occurs at a different point for each target activity (Figs. 2,3,4,5,6). During the initial phase (7 to 11 sessions), each patient attempted to execute the target activities at the request of the therapist but without the benefit of iEMG feedback.…”

Section: Design and Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1), and these measures are graphed as a function of session (Figs. 2,3,4,5,6). For statistical analysis of single case experimentation, we have developed a graphic projected baseline technique, following a strategy similar to that of White's celeration line as described in Hersen and Barlow.…”

Section: Design and Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Specifically, a least-squares solution derived from baseline performance yields an equation that can be solved for subsequent session values, the coefficients were used to generate a trend curve that was projected into the treatment phase (solid continuous curves in Figs. 2,3,4,5,6). The effectiveness of intervention was statistically assessed by comparing the observed results with the projected results by means of a two-tailed binomial test at the 0.05 level of significance.…”

Section: Design and Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Visually Displayed EMG Feedback: Single Case Studies of Hemiplegic Upper Extremity Rehabilitation

Gianutsos¹,

Eberstein²,

Krasilovsky³

et al. 1986

Central Nervous System Trauma

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The efficacy of visually displayed EMG feedback in treating hemiplegic upper limb motor disorders was investigated in 5 patients (0.5-4 years poststroke). A single case experimental method "multiple-baseline across target behaviors" was used to compare performance during the feedback phase to that occurring in the monitored baseline phase. The nonfeedback baseline phase was followed by the staggered introduction of audiovisual feedback for each of the targeted pairs of muscles. EMG feedback obtained from muscle pairs (shoulder: anterior deltoid and upper trapezius; elbow: brachial triceps and biceps; digits: extensor digitorum communis and digit flexors) was displayed as two distinct waveforms on a videomonitor during therapy. Nonfeedback assessment of each of the three pairs was performed during each session. The effects of feedback were not uniformly distributed. Elbow control responded best, and statistical tests confirmed the effects of intervention observed clinically in all 5 patients. Clinical improvements in shoulder flexion were observed in 4 patients but could be statistically attributed to EMG gains in just 1. Improvement in finger extension observed clinically in 3 patients was statistically attributable to EMG gains in 2. All patients regained control of at least one target activity. EMG gains were accompanied by increases in active range of motion and by varying functional improvement. Marked functional gains in 3 patients were obtained with recovery of finger control.

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Prognosis among survivors of ischemic stroke

Cited by 77 publications

References 0 publications

Results of the seven-year prospective study of stroke patients.

Results of the seven-year prospective study of stroke patients.

Risk of Cerebral Infarction, Myocardial Infarction and Vascular Death in Patients with Asymptomatic Carotid Disease, Transient Ischemic Attack and Stroke

Visually Displayed EMG Feedback: Single Case Studies of Hemiplegic Upper Extremity Rehabilitation

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