Prognosis and monitoring of leishmaniasis in dogs: A working group report

“…These changes start to become evident after 2–3 weeks and 4–6 weeks, respectively, following treatment with antimonials . Therefore, the first useful electrophoretogram to monitor the efficiency of treatment should be run no earlier than one month after treatment initiation . The complete normalization of electrophoretograms, however, requires at least 90–120 days .…”

Section: Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laboratory tests for diagnosing and monitoring canine leishmaniasis

Paltrinieri

Gradoni

Roura

et al. 2016

Veterinary Clinical Pathol

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Although several reviews on canine leishmaniasis have been published, none thoroughly described clinicopathologic abnormalities and their clinical usefulness. The aim of this review was to provide information concerning current diagnostic tests relevant for clinical pathologists and from a practical perspective. Specifically, in canine leishmaniasis, nonregenerative normocytic normochromic anemia, thrombocytopenia, or leukogram changes may be present. Clinical chemistry and urinalysis may indicate renal dysfunction (azotemia, decreased urine specific gravity, proteinuria) and an inflammatory/immune response (increased acute phase proteins [APP] or α - and/or γ-globulins). Although a potential gammopathy is usually polyclonal, it may also appear oligo- or monoclonal, especially in dogs coinfected by other vector-borne pathogens. When lesions are accessible to fine-needle aspiration (lymphoadenomegaly, nodular lesions, joint swelling), cytology is strongly advised, as the presence of Leishmania amastigotes in a pattern of pyogranulomatous inflammation or lymphoplasmacytic hyperplasia is diagnostic. If the cytologic pattern is inconclusive, the parasite should be identified by histology/immunohistochemistry or PCR on surgical biopsies. Alternatively, cytology and PCR may be performed on bone marrow samples where amastigotes, along with erythroid hypoplasia, myeloid hyperplasia, plasmacytosis, or secondary dysmyelopoiesis can be observed. Dogs with overt leishmaniasis generally have high antibody titers, while low titers predominate in immunologically resistant infected dogs or in exposed dogs with no parasite confirmation. Quantitative serology is recommended in clinically suspect dogs as high-titer antibodies titers may confirm the clinical diagnosis. In confirmed and treated dogs, renal function and inflammatory/immune response variables should be periodically monitored.

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“…The most commonly observed are weight loss, lymphadenomegaly, splenomegaly, cutaneous and ocular lesions and impaired renal function (SOLANO-GALLEGO et al, 2011). Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a severe result of disease progression and the main cause of death or an indication for euthanasia in infected dogs (PLANELLAS et al, 2009;SOLANO-GALLEGO et al, 2011;BANETH & SOLANO-GALLEGO, 2012;ROURA et al, 2013). While Cortadellas et al (2006) used the assessment of serum creatinine and UP/C and observed prevalence rates of CKD on the order of 49.5%, others based their assessments on postmortem histopathological studies and showed renal changes in nearly 100% of the dogs (NIETO et al, 1992;COSTA et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypertension and its correlation with renal lesions in dogs with leishmaniosis

Braga

Leite

Rosa

et al. 2015

Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet.

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To evaluate the prevalence of hypertension and its correlation with the severity of renal injury and proteinuria in dogs with leishmaniosis, sixty-six dogs were divided into two groups. Group 1 (G1) was composed of 54 dogs included in stage 1 of chronic kidney disease (CKD), and group 2 (G2) of twelve dogs in stages 2 and 3 of CKD. Prevalence of hypertension was 28.8%, comprising 22.2% of the dogs from G1 and 58.3% from G2 (P=0.011). The mean arterial blood pressure (BP) of dogs from G1 (135.7 ± 20.5) was lower than from G2 (170.0 ± 26.3) (P <0.001). Urine proteincreatinine ratio (UP/C) revealed values above 0.5 in 75.7% of the dogs, with 34% presenting hypertension. All dogs with hypertension had histopathological and laboratory evidence of glomerular disease. Although there was no statistically significant correlation between elevated BP and the severity of glomerular lesions (P=0.408), there was a statistically significant correlation between elevated BP and increased UP/C in the studied population (P=0.002). Thus, dogs with leishmaniosis and renal disease must be screened for the presence of hypertension so that treatment may be instituted as early as possible, in countries where treatment is allowed, to prevent the progression of renal damage.Keywords: Histopathology, kidney, Leishmania infantum chagasi, systolic blood pressure. ResumoPara avaliar a prevalência de hipertensão arterial e sua correlação com a severidade da lesão renal e proteinúria em cães com leishmaniose, 66 cães foram divididos em dois grupos. O grupo 1 (G1), composto por 54 cães em estágio 1 de doença renal crônica (DRC), e o grupo 2 (G2) por 12 cães em estágios 2 e 3 de DRC. A prevalência de hipertensão foi de 28,8%, compreendendo 22,2% dos cães de G1 e 58,3% dos cães de G2 (p = 0,011). A pressão arterial média (PA) de G1 (135,7 ± 20,5) foi inferior a de G2 (170,0 ± 26,3) (P <0,001). A relação proteína creatinina urinária (P/C U) foi maior que 0,5 em 75,7% dos cães, dos quais 34% possuíam hipertensão. Todos os cães com hipertensão apresentavam doença glomerular. Embora não tenha sido observada correlação estatisticamente significativa entre elevação da PA e severidade das lesões glomerulares (P =0,408), houve uma correlação significativa entre PA elevada e aumento da UP/C (P = 0,002). Portanto, cães com leishmaniose e doença renal devem ser pesquisados quanto à presença de hipertensão, para que o tratamento possa ser instituído o mais precocemente possível em países onde ele é permitido, para evitar a progressão da lesão renal.Palavras-chave: Histopatologia, rim, Leishmania infantum chagasi, pressão arterial sistólica.

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Prognosis and monitoring of leishmaniasis in dogs: A working group report

Cited by 68 publications

References 44 publications

Retrospective study of 14 cases of canine arthritis secondary to Leishmania infection

Retrospective study of 14 cases of canine arthritis secondary to Leishmania infection

Laboratory tests for diagnosing and monitoring canine leishmaniasis

Hypertension and its correlation with renal lesions in dogs with leishmaniosis

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