Prognostic role of macrophage migration inhibitory factor expression in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the lung

Abstract

BackgroundMacrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) has been shown to play an important role in the inflammatory and immune response in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Recent studies have reported that MIF is involved in the tumorigenesis and overexpressed in various cancers. In this study, we assessed the prognostic role of MIF expression in SCC of the lung, and demonstrated the effect of knockdown of MIF on the migration in lung SCC cell lines.MethodsThe relationship between MIF expression and clinicopathological parameters and the prognostic role of MIF expression were evaluated with immunohistochemical staining in 96 patients with SCC of the lung. The expression of MIF mRNA and protein was analyzed by semi‐quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot in lung SCC cell. The effect of knockdown of MIF was assessed by wound healing assay.ResultsThe high percentage of MIF‐positive cells was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis (P = 0.004), and was a poor prognostic factor of disease‐free survival (DFS) (hazard ratio [HR]: 3.125; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.628–5.998; P = 0.001) and disease‐specific survival (DSS) (HR: 2.303; 95% CI, 1.172–4.525; P = 0.016). Moreover, Kaplan‐Meier analysis showed that SCC patients with a high percentage of MIF‐positive cells had a significantly lower DFS (P = 0.001) and DSS (P = 0.014) than those with a low percentage. Furthermore, wound healing assay revealed that knockdown of MIF resulted in decreased cellular migration.ConclusionMIF is closely associated with tumor progression and could be a prognostic factor in SCC of the lung.

Prognostic significance of macrophage migration inhibitory factor expression in cancer patients

“…[ 10 ] Furthermore, MIF has been suggested as a potential prognostic factor for various cancers including gastric, hepatocellular, pancreatic, and lung cancers, and oral squamous cell carcinoma and metastatic melanoma. [ 3 , 7 , 8 ] Therefore, we conducted this meta-analysis to calculate the prognostic significance of MIF expression in cancer patients.…”

“…Han et al [ 11 ] showed that high expression of MIF was related with poor OS and metastasis-free survival in patients with high-grade osteosarcoma. Zhang et al [ 12 ] and Koh et al [ 8 ] demonstrated significantly poorer OS or disease-specific survival and DFS with high expression of MIF compared with low expression in patient with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and lung squamous cell carcinoma, respectively. Kang et al [ 13 ] revealed the relationship between MIF expression and OS and recurrence-free survival in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma.…”

“…[ 3 , 5 , 6 ] Moreover, the overexpression of MIF has been associated to tumor progression, metastasis and unfavorable prognosis in gastric, hepatocellular, pancreatic, and lung cancers, and oral squamous cell carcinoma and metastatic melanoma. [ 3 , 7 , 8 ]…”

RAB27AandRAB27BExpression May Predict Lymph Node Metastasis and Survival in Patients With Gastric Cancer

“…Tumor cells secrete exosomes with intra-exosomal cargos, including tumor-suppressor genes, proteins, and other substances that might affect metastatic properties. To date, there have been many studies regarding the prognostic role of RAB27A and RAB27B through immunostaining methods in various cancer (12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18). In a previous study, we confirmed that RAB27A expression was strongly positive in a large group of patients with clearcell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC) (13).…”

Prognostic role of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma

“…[ 3 – 6 , 18 – 22 ] MIF is overexpressed in many solid tumors, including prostate, [ 23 ] hepatocellular, [ 24 ] gastric, [ 25 ] and adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. [ 26 , 27 ] In most of tumors, the degree of MIF overexpression is positively correlated with tumor progression or metastatic potential. [ 8 ] It has been shown that neutralizing anti-MIF antibodies inhibit tumor angiogenesis in murine malignant lymphoma, [ 18 ] murine colon cancer, [ 19 ] and a human melanoma model.…”