Progress and Applications of Polyphosphate in Bone and Cartilage Regeneration

Wang, Yan; Li, Min; Li, Pei; Teng, Haijun; Fan, Dehong; Du, Wennan; Guo, Zhen

doi:10.1155/2019/5141204

Cited by 26 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 115 publications

(207 reference statements)

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“…Polyphosphate (polyP) is a biomolecule stored in dense granules of platelets. This anionic polymer in platelets comprises three to 1000 monomers of phosphate and is involved in several pathophysiological functions, including coagulation and biomineralization [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ], although a degradation product of polyP, pyrophosphate, possibly acts as a key inhibitor of biomineralization [ 11 ]. In terms of coagulation, polyP activates factor XII and triggers the intrinsic coagulation pathway [ 12 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fluorescent Cytochemical Detection of Polyphosphates Associated with Human Platelets

Sato¹,

Aizawa²,

Tsujino³

et al. 2021

IJMS

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Polyphosphate (polyP) is released from activated platelets and activates the intrinsic coagulation pathway. However, polyP may also be involved in various pathophysiological functions related to platelets. To clarify these functions, we established a cytochemical method to reproducibly visualize polyP in platelets. Platelets obtained from healthy non-smoking donors were suspended in phosphate-buffered saline and quickly immobilized on glass slides using a Cytospin. After fixation and membrane permeabilization, platelets were treated with 4′,6- diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and examined using a fluorescence microscope with a blue-violet excitation filter block (BV-2A). Fixed platelets were also subjected to immunocytochemical examination to visualize serotonin distribution. Under the optimized conditions for polyP visualization, immobilized platelets were fixed with 10% neutral-buffered formalin for 4 h or longer and treated with DAPI at a concentration of 10 µg/mL in 0.02% saponin- or 0.1% Tween-20-containing Hanks balanced salt solution as a permeabilization buffer for 30 min at room temperature (22–25 °C). Based on the results obtained by using activated platelets, treatment with alkaline phosphatases, and serotonin release, the DAPI+ targets were identified as polyP. Therefore, this cytochemical method is useful for determining the amount and distribution of polyP in platelets.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fluorescent Cytochemical Detection of Polyphosphates Associated with Human Platelets

Sato¹,

Aizawa²,

Tsujino³

et al. 2021

IJMS

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“…Another area of intense research focuses on the role of polyP in bone and cartilage formation. Here again, polyP has been shown to act at different places to strategically promote the regeneration of these tissues [26,27].…”

Section: Functions Of Polyp In Mammalsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Inorganic polyphosphate in mammals: where's Wally?

Desfougères

Saiardi

Azevedo

2020

Biochemical Society Transactions

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Inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) is a ubiquitous polymer of tens to hundreds of orthophosphate residues linked by high-energy phosphoanhydride bonds. In prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes, both the presence of polyP and of the biosynthetic pathway that leads to its synthesis are well-documented. However, in mammals, polyP is more elusive. Firstly, the mammalian enzyme responsible for the synthesis of this linear biopolymer is unknown. Secondly, the low sensitivity and specificity of available polyP detection methods make it difficult to confidently ascertain polyP presence in mammalian cells, since in higher eukaryotes, polyP exists in lower amounts than in yeast or bacteria. Despite this, polyP has been given a remarkably large number of functions in mammals. In this review, we discuss some of the proposed functions of polyP in mammals, the limitations of the current detection methods and the urgent need to understand how this polymer is synthesized.

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“…Biocompatibility, nonimmunogenicity, and inertness to the normal bone healings events are required for the materials used for drug carriers, that usually are composed of natural/synthetic polymers or inorganic minerals. In the literature, different examples are reported, such as gelatin [134], collagen, hyaluronic acid, PEG, PLGA, CaP, HA, and β-TCP, (and also polyphosphates as additives [135]), but in the case of natural polymers, there are some disadvantages connected to their use, like immunogenicity, rapid degradability, and batch-to-batch variations. On the other hand, synthetic polymers offers the possibility to be easily modified and processed to obtain the suitable properties via the variation of their molecular weights, functional groups and/or structure [136].…”

Section: Bone Regenerationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bone Diseases: Current Approach and Future Perspectives in Drug Delivery Systems for Bone Targeted Therapeutics

et al. 2020

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Bone diseases include a wide group of skeletal-related disorders that cause mobility limitations and mortality. In some cases, e.g., in osteosarcoma (OS) and metastatic bone cancer, current treatments are not fully effective, mainly due to low patient compliance and to adverse side effects. To overcome these drawbacks, nanotechnology is currently under study as a potential strategy allowing specific drug release kinetics and enhancing bone regeneration. Polymers, ceramics, semiconductors, metals, and self-assembled molecular complexes are some of the most used nanoscale materials, although in most cases their surface properties need to be tuned by chemical or physical reactions. Among all, scaffolds, nanoparticles (NPs), cements, and hydrogels exhibit more advantages than drawbacks when compared to other nanosystems and are therefore the object of several studies. The aim of this review is to provide information about the current therapies of different bone diseases focusing the attention on new discoveries in the field of targeted delivery systems. The authors hope that this paper could help to pursue further directions about bone targeted nanosystems and their application for bone diseases and bone regeneration.

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Progress and Applications of Polyphosphate in Bone and Cartilage Regeneration

Cited by 26 publications

References 115 publications

Fluorescent Cytochemical Detection of Polyphosphates Associated with Human Platelets

Fluorescent Cytochemical Detection of Polyphosphates Associated with Human Platelets

Inorganic polyphosphate in mammals: where's Wally?

Bone Diseases: Current Approach and Future Perspectives in Drug Delivery Systems for Bone Targeted Therapeutics

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