Progress, challenges, and opportunities in enhancing NOM flocculation using chemically modified chitosan: a review towards future development

Loganathan, P.; Gradzielski, Michael; Bustamante, Heriberto; Vigneswaran, S.

doi:10.1039/c9ew00596j

Cited by 37 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 102 publications

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“…This polysaccharide consists of a linear copolymer of d -glucosamine and N -acetyl- d -glucosamine ( Figure 6 ) [ 137 ]. It is highly regarded for use in water or wastewater treatment due to its reactive amino and hydroxyl functional groups, which can react with impurity particles [ 3 , 17 , 138 , 139 , 140 ]. It was stated that the main mechanism emerging during flocculation with chitosan participation is bridging [ 128 ].…”

Section: Bio-based Polysaccharide Flocculants For Water Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Achievements in Polymer Bio-Based Flocculants for Water Treatment

2020

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Polymer flocculants are used to promote solid–liquid separation processes in potable water and wastewater treatment. Recently, bio-based flocculants have received a lot of attention due to their superior advantages over conventional synthetic polymers or inorganic agents. Among natural polymers, polysaccharides show many benefits such as biodegradability, non-toxicity, ability to undergo different chemical modifications, and wide accessibility from renewable sources. The following article provides an overview of bio-based flocculants and their potential application in water treatment, which may be an indication to look for safer alternatives compared to synthetic polymers. Based on the recent literature, a new approach in searching for biopolymer flocculants sources, flocculation mechanisms, test methods, and factors affecting this process are presented. Particular attention is paid to flocculants based on starch, cellulose, chitosan, and their derivatives because they are low-cost and ecological materials, accepted in industrial practice. New trends in water treatment technology, including biosynthetic polymers, nanobioflocculants, and stimulant-responsive flocculants are also considered.

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Section: Bio-based Polysaccharide Flocculants For Water Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Achievements in Polymer Bio-Based Flocculants for Water Treatment

2020

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“…However, although the coagulation/flocculation step in the water treatment process remains a critical step, it is not always adequate in the removal of natural organic matters (NOM), due to the fact that these NOMs consist of myriads of functional groups that interfere and hamper their efficient removal by the polyelectrolytes currently being employed as coagulants/flocculants. Hence, investigating new and efficient materials such as Chitosan, which has been noted to be effective in interacting with and removing all the various functional groups of NOMs, is an emerging research scope that has to be thoroughly studied because of their abundance in nature, small chemical footprint, and economy [100].…”

Section: Coagulants Adsorbents and Flocculantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymer-Based Membranes and Composites for Safe, Potable, and Usable Water: A Survey of Recent Advances

2020

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In the past decades, the demand for potable and usable water has been on a continual increase, while its availability has been on an exponential decline. Studies have argued that, by 2050, only a small fraction of the world's population will have access to clean and safe water, thereby exposing a significant portion of the population to a serious water crisis. Large volumes of wastewater are generated yearly, both domestically and industrially, and the necessity to develop effective and efficient strategies and technologies to recover these wastewaters and turn them into safe and reusable waters is a momentous concern among scientists and policymakers. Across the globe, governments are developing approaches and strategies to mitigate both short-and long-term water challenges resulting from various anthropogenic activities that have contributed to the rising degradation of water quality, coupled with the attendant negative impact of natural disasters, increasing urbanization, among others. Notwithstanding, the advancements in nanotechnology have made it possible to engineer novel and innovative polymer-based materials and composites that possess desirable and even predictable properties for targeted applications, which has presented the opportunity for the development of cost-effective nanotechnologies and processes employed in water remediation, reclamation, purification, and treatment processes worldwide. Nevertheless, these innovative technologies and processes have also been shown to have their limitations and challenges in the enhancement of water quality. Herein we survey the current advancement of selected polymer-based membranes and composites and their intervention for the production of safe, potable, and usable water, as well as their limitations, challenges, recommendations, and future perspectives.

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“…In addition to the well-known applications for the production of a wound dressing, cell growth scaffolds, controlled-release drug carriers, hygiene products, or biodegradable packaging [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 5 , 6 , 7 ], there are original proposals for using this polysaccharide as flocculants in the treatment of drinking water [ 11 , 12 ], three dimensional-printed chitosan hydrogels for development of tissue engineering [ 13 ], as a valuable material for dentistry [ 14 ], targeted protein and gene delivery [ 15 ], or as photosensitizer carrier for Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) [ 16 ], material for refining fibers and fabrics (production of intelligent clothing) [ 17 ], in veterinary (e.g., in fish farming) [ 18 ], and as plant protection products [ 19 ]. Chitosan can be used in various physical forms (films, granules, microcapsules, gels, and aerogels), alone or in complex multi-component systems (as a matrix of other active ingredients, polymer blends, composites, and nanocomposites) [ 17 , 20 , 21 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chitosan as a Protective Matrix for the Squaraine Dye

et al. 2021

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Chitosan was used as a protective matrix for the photosensitive dye-squaraine (2,4-bis[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]cyclobutane-1,3-diol). The physicochemical properties of the obtained systems, both in solution and in a solid-state, were investigated. However, it was found that diluted chitosan solutions with a few percent additions of dye show an intense fluorescence, which is suppressed in the solid-state. This is related to the morphology of the heterogeneous modified chitosan films. The important advantage of using a biopolymer matrix is the prevention of dye degradation under the influence of high energy ultraviolet (UV) radiation while the dye presence improves the chitosan heat resistance. It is caused by mutual interactions between macromolecules and dye. Owing to the protective action of chitosan, the dye release in liquid medium is limited. Chitosan solutions with a few percent additions of squaraine can be used in biomedical imaging thanks to the ability to emit light, while chitosan films can be protective coatings resistant to high temperatures and UV radiation.

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Progress, challenges, and opportunities in enhancing NOM flocculation using chemically modified chitosan: a review towards future development

Abstract: Natural organic matter (NOM) occurs ubiquitously in water bodies and this can greatly affect feed or raw water quality (taste, colour, odour, bacterial growth). Chemically modified chitosan can effectively remove NOM by the flocculation process.

Cited by 37 publications

References 102 publications

Recent Achievements in Polymer Bio-Based Flocculants for Water Treatment

Recent Achievements in Polymer Bio-Based Flocculants for Water Treatment

Polymer-Based Membranes and Composites for Safe, Potable, and Usable Water: A Survey of Recent Advances

Chitosan as a Protective Matrix for the Squaraine Dye

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