Progress in enrichment of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid: a review

Xie, Dan; Chen, Ye; Yu, Junwen; Yang, Zhuangzhuang; Wang, Xiaosan

doi:10.1080/10408398.2022.2086852

Cited by 14 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 104 publications

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“…In the process of urea inclusion, when fatty acids and urea are fully mixed and crystallized at a certain temperature, saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids first combine with urea to form a hexagonal crystal inclusion complex. At the same time, EPA and DHA are retained in the solution [ 11 ]. EPA and DHA are then obtained by filtration and nitrogen blowing.…”

Section: Epa-ee Mixture Enrichment and Its Monomer Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The melting point of fatty acids of a given chain length decreases with increasing unsaturation. Therefore, at low temperatures, saturated fatty acids crystallize into a solid phase, whereas PUFAs are retained in the liquid phase [ 11 ]. The use of solvents during low-temperature crystallization promotes crystal formation and increases the yield and purity of the crystals.…”

Section: Epa-ee Mixture Enrichment and Its Monomer Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With the better therapeutic and preventive effects of high-purity EPA-EE for specific diseases, there is an increasing interest in the production process of EPA-EE, how to achieve high purity, and how to make it optimally bioavailable [ 10 , 11 ]. Nevertheless, the manufacturing method and the degree of processing determine the EPA and DHA content of fish oil preparation, the form of the eicosapentaenoic acid present affects its bioavailability, and the addition of additional ingredients such as antioxidants affects its subsequent quality [ 12 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Highly Valuable Fish Oil: Formation Process, Enrichment, Subsequent Utilization, and Storage of Eicosapentaenoic Acid Ethyl Esters

You

Zhang

et al. 2023

Molecules

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In recent years, as the demand for precision nutrition is continuously increasing, scientific studies have shown that high-purity eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester (EPA-EE) functions more efficiently than mixed omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid preparations in diseases such as hyperlipidemia, heart disease, major depression, and heart disease; therefore, the market demand for EPA-EE is growing by the day. In this paper, we attempt to review EPA-EE from a whole-manufacturing-chain perspective. First, the extraction, refining, and ethanolysis processes (fish oil and ethanol undergo transesterification) of EPA-EE are described, emphasizing the potential of green substitute technologies. Then, the method of EPA enrichment is thoroughly detailed, the pros and cons of different methods are compared, and current developments in monomer production techniques are addressed. Finally, a summary of current advanced strategies for dealing with the low oxidative stability and low bioavailability of EPA-EE is presented. In conclusion, understanding the entire production process of EPA-EE will enable us to govern each step from a macro perspective and accomplish the best use of EPA-EE in a more cost-effective and environmentally friendly way.

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Section: Epa-ee Mixture Enrichment and Its Monomer Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Epa-ee Mixture Enrichment and Its Monomer Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Highly Valuable Fish Oil: Formation Process, Enrichment, Subsequent Utilization, and Storage of Eicosapentaenoic Acid Ethyl Esters

You

Zhang

et al. 2023

Molecules

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“…In the future, further optimization of the reaction conditions is needed to find the optimal lipase and reaction conditions for the enrichment of UFAs. If necessary, immobilization techniques and modification of lipases will be used to improve the catalytic capacity, selectivity, and reproducibility of lipases to increase yields (Xie et al., 2022).…”

Section: Fatty Acid Composition In Six Woody Oil Cropsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy mechanisms research progress of the active components in the characteristic woody edible oils

Xu,

Wang,

Bai

et al. 2023

Food Frontiers

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Woody edible oils are a type of vegetable oil. Woody edible oils like olive oil have greater quantities of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs), particularly essential FAs, as well as vitamin E, phytosterols, and other nutrients that are becoming more vital in human health. As a result, finding high‐quality woody oil resource plants is critical to ensuring enough edible oil supply. As six novel woody crops, Paeonia suffruticosa, Plukenetia volubilis, Acer truncatum, Olea europaea, Camellia sinensis, and Camellia oleifera are characterized by high oil production, widespread cultivation, adaptability, and various active ingredients. The six woody crop oils contain UFAs (e.g., α‐linolenic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid), vitamin E, polyphenols, phytosterols, and so forth. The presence of these active ingredients confers anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant, cholesterol and lipid metabolism regulating, blood lipid lowering, immune boosting, memory improving, intestinal flora regulating, and other properties to the oils, which are beneficial to body health. This article examined in depth the seed resources, FA composition, active component kinds, active ingredient efficacy mechanism, and physiological impacts of these six novel woody crop oils. These developments lay a solid platform for further study and development of these woody oil crops.

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“…Several studies have focused on enriching PUFAs using lipase‐catalyzed reactions, such as selective hydrolysis, selective esterification, alcoholysis, and a combination of hydrolysis and esterification (Rubio‐Rodríguez et al, 2010; Xie et al, 2022). Generally, PUFAs have been enriched in a mixture of glycerides, such as monoacylglycerol (MAG), diacylglycerol (DAG), and triacylglycerol (TAG), with lipase‐catalyzed selective hydrolysis employed for PUFA enrichment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation of γ‐linolenic acid rich triacylglycerol from borage oil via a two‐step lipase‐catalyzed reaction

Yoon

Lee

Kim

et al. 2023

J Americ Oil Chem Soc

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γ‐Linolenic acid (GLA) rich triacylglycerol (TAG) was successfully synthesized from glyceride, instead of glycerol, and fatty acid (FA) via Lipozyme TL IM‐catalyzed esterification as a novel strategy. In the first step, GLA was enriched into glyceride fraction from borage oil by Candida rugosa lipase‐catalyzed hydrolysis. The glyceride was separated from the reaction mixture by molecular distillation. GLA was enriched from 20.64% in borage oil to 45.94% in the glyceride fraction under optimum conditions. In the second step, the Lipozyme TL IM‐catalyzed synthesis of TAG was carried out with the glyceride, and the FA obtained by saponification of a portion of the glyceride. The optimum conditions were the temperature of 50°C, the enzyme loading of 10%, and the vacuum level of 20 mmHg, respectively. The maximum TAG content of approximately 92% was achieved after 12 h under the optimum conditions.

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Progress in enrichment of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid: a review

Cited by 14 publications

References 104 publications

Highly Valuable Fish Oil: Formation Process, Enrichment, Subsequent Utilization, and Storage of Eicosapentaenoic Acid Ethyl Esters

Highly Valuable Fish Oil: Formation Process, Enrichment, Subsequent Utilization, and Storage of Eicosapentaenoic Acid Ethyl Esters

Efficacy mechanisms research progress of the active components in the characteristic woody edible oils

Preparation of γ‐linolenic acid rich triacylglycerol from borage oil via a two‐step lipase‐catalyzed reaction

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