Progress in Silicon Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes

Ghioni, M.; Gulinatti, Angelo; Rech, Ivan; Zappa, Franco; Cova, S.

doi:10.1109/jstqe.2007.902088

Cited by 273 publications

(257 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Especially when they are absorbed outside the active layer of the device, these trapped charges can have a lifetime much longer than the deadtime, and can therefore be released after the operating voltage has been restored, causing an avalanche, which is indistinguishable from one caused by an incident photon. These afterpulses are most likely to occur at the end of the deadtime but can spread over several ms, with probability decreasing further from the original hit [26]. The decay in afterpulse probability in the LDM has been found experimentally to be best fitted by multiple exponentials, with the main components having time constants of 25 and 45 ns.…”

Section: A Jeff Et Al / Nuclear Instruments and Methods In Physics mentioning

confidence: 99%

First results of the LHC longitudinal density monitor

Jeff

Boccardi

Bravin

et al. 2011

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:

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SummaryThe Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN is the world's largest particle accelerator. It is designed to accelerate and collide protons or heavy ions up to the center-of-mass energies of 14TeV. Knowledge of the longitudinal distribution of particles is important for various aspects of accelerator operation, in particular to check the injection quality and to measure the proportion of charge outside the nominally filled bunches during the physics periods. In order to study this so-called ghost charge at levels very much smaller than the main bunches, a longitudinal profile measurement with a very high dynamic range is needed. A new detector, the LHC Longitudinal Density Monitor (LDM) is a single-photon counting system measuring synchrotronlight by means of an avalanche photodiode detector. The unprecedented energies reached in the LHC allow synchrotronlight diagnostics to be used with both protons and heavy ions. A prototype was installed during the 2010 LHC run and was able to longitudinally profile the whole ring with a resolution close to the target of 50 ps. On-line correction for the effects of the detector deadtime, pile-up and afterpulsing allow a dynamic range of 10 5 to be achieved. First measurements with the LDM are presented here along with an analysis of its performance and an outlook for future upgrades. The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN is the world's largest particle accelerator. It is designed to accelerate and collide protons or heavy ions up to the center-of-mass energies of 14 TeV.Knowledge of the longitudinal distribution of particles is important for various aspects of accelerator operation, in particular to check the injection quality and to measure the proportion of charge outside the nominally filled bunches during the physics periods. In order to study this so-called ghost charge at levels very much smaller than the main bunches, a longitudinal profile measurement with a very high dynamic range is needed.A new detector, the LHC Longitudinal Density Monitor (LDM) is a single-photon counting system measuring synchrotron light by means of an avalanche photodiode detector. The unprecedented energies reached in the LHC allow synchrotron light diagnostics to be used with both protons and heavy ions.A prototype was installed during the 2010 LHC run and was able to longitudinally profile the whole ring with a resolution close to the target of 50 ps. On-line correction for the effects of the detector deadtime, pile-up and afterpulsing allow a dynamic range of 10 5 to be achieved.First measurements with the LDM are presented here along with an analysis of its performance and an outlook for future upgrades.

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Section: A Jeff Et Al / Nuclear Instruments and Methods In Physics mentioning

confidence: 99%

First results of the LHC longitudinal density monitor

Jeff

Boccardi

Bravin

et al. 2011

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:

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“…Our N00N-state source produces high-fidelity, high-N N00N PRL 112, 223602 (2014) P H Y S I C A L R E V I E W L E T T E R S week ending 6 JUNE 2014 states [15,16,20], and we have shown that the N00N state OCM signal displays N-fold superresolution, and a visibility that is nearly independent of N. Thus, our implementation is naturally applicable to higher photon numbers. This could be achieved using several exciting new technologies which are continually advancing, such as high-efficiency single-photon detectors [23,24], high-fillfactor single-photon detector arrays [25], and brighter down-conversion sources with high coupling efficiency [21,22]. Our experiment demonstrates a practical implementation to overcome the problem of efficiently detecting N-photon states-a fundamental challenge to practical quantum metrology-and could open the door for Heisenberg-limited phase detection and quantum imaging.…”

Section: Prl 112 223602 (2014) P H Y S I C a L R E V I E W L E T T Ementioning

confidence: 94%

Scalable Imaging of Superresolution

Matthews¹

2014

Physics

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N00N states-maximally path-entangled states of N photons-exhibit spatial interference patterns sharper than any classical interference pattern. This is known as superresolution. However, even given perfectly efficient number-resolving detectors, the detection efficiency of all previous measurements of such interference would decrease exponentially with the number of photons in the N00N state, often leading to the conclusion that N00N states are unsuitable for spatial measurements. A technique known as the "optical centroid measurement" has been proposed to solve this and has been experimentally verified for photon pairs; here we present the first extension beyond two photons, measuring the superresolution fringes of two-, three-, and four-photon N00N states. Moreover, we compare the N00N-state interference to the corresponding classical superresolution interference. Although both provide the same increase in spatial frequency, the visibility of the classical fringes decreases exponentially with the number of detected photons. Our work represents an essential step forward for quantum-enhanced measurements, overcoming what was believed to be a fundamental challenge to quantum metrology.

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“…One issue with such planar bulk Si devices is the long carrier-diffusion length between photogenerated carriers in the neutral region and the junction region where impact ionisation occurs. Also, the guard ring diffusion poses a number of challenges, including increasing the process thermal budget, and reducing the SPDE due to nonuniform breakdown voltage across the active area [39].…”

Section: Bulk Si Apdsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Single photon avalanche detectors: prospects of new quenching and gain mechanisms

Hall

Liu

2015

Nanophotonics

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While silicon single-photon avalanche diodes (SPAD) have reached very high detection efficiency and timing resolution, their use in fibre-optic communications, optical free space communications, and infrared sensing and imaging remains limited. III-V compounds including InGaAs and InP are the prevalent materials for 1550 nm light detection. However, even the most sensitive 1550 nm photoreceivers in optical communication have a sensitivity limit of a few hundred photons. Today, the only viable approach to achieve single-photon sensitivity at 1550 nm wavelength from semiconductor devices is to operate the avalanche detectors in Geiger mode, essentially trading dynamic range and speed for sensitivity. As material properties limit the performance of Ge and III-V detectors, new conceptual insight with regard to novel quenching and gain mechanisms could potentially address the performance limitations of III-V SPADs. Novel designs that utilise internal self-quenching and negative feedback can be used to harness the sensitivity of single-photon detectors, while drastically reducing the device complexity and increasing the level of integration. Incorporation of multiple gain mechanisms, together with self-quenching and built-in negative feedback, into a single device also hold promise for a new type of detector with single-photon sensitivity and large dynamic range.

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Progress in Silicon Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes

Cited by 273 publications

References 45 publications

First results of the LHC longitudinal density monitor

First results of the LHC longitudinal density monitor

Scalable Imaging of Superresolution

Single photon avalanche detectors: prospects of new quenching and gain mechanisms

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