Progress in techniques of biomass conversion into syngas

Synthesis of gasoline-range hydrocarbons from nitrogen-rich syngas over a Mo/HZSM-5 bi-functional catalyst

“…One such consideration is the conversion of carbonaceous solids (coal, petroleum coke and biomass) and natural gas into high quality, clean-burning transportation fuel [1,2]. The most common methods for production of liquids from carbonaceous solids and natural gas start by first converting the feedstock to a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen called synthesis gas (or syngas) [1]. This can be accomplished by partial oxidation and/or reforming reactions in gasification and reforming unit.…”

“…Biomass þ O 2 /CO; CO 2 ; H 2 O; H 2 ; CH 4 þ other CHs þ tar þ char þ ash (1) After gasification, a cleaning process is applied to the raw bio-syngas to remove contaminants like small char particles, ash, and tar in order to meet the synthesis requirements for the catalytic reactor to produce renewable liquid fuels. The conventional FTS catalysts such as Fe-, Co-, and Ru-based catalysts have been extensively studied in literature [6].…”

The role of water in catalytic biomass-based technologies to produce chemicals and fuels

“…An alternative option for syngas generation is the coupled steam hydrogasification of biomass and reforming of methane [134].…”

The synergistic effect of co-pyrolysis of oil shale and microalgae to produce syngas

“…However, they are non-renewable resources. Moreover, the usages of conventional fossil fuels remarkably cause serious environmental problems [1,2]. Therefore, in order to solve the energy crisis and environmental problems [3], it is necessary and stringent to develop a renewable energy to replace the conventional fossil fuels [4].…”