Progress in the development and use of refrigerants and unintended environmental consequences

Vuppaladadiyam, Arun Krishna; Antunes, Elsa; Vuppaladadiyam, Sai Sree Varsha; Baig, Zenab Tariq; Subiantoro, Alison; Lei, Guoyuan; Leu, Shao‐Yuan; Sarmah, Ajit K.; Duan, Huabo

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153670

Cited by 56 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 143 publications

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“…In the case of F-gases, regardless of whether they are HFCs or PFCs, because of the thorough understanding of their GWPs; it is known that some of them will not be on the market in the future [17]. It is assumed that HFCs and PFCs will be replaced by carbon dioxide [18,19], ammonia and short-chain hydrocarbons, which were used earlier [20,21], as well as newly introduced low GWP HFOs [22,23]. understanding of their GWPs; it is known that some of them will not be on the market in the future [17].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…understanding of their GWPs; it is known that some of them will not be on the market in the future [17]. It is assumed that HFCs and PFCs will be replaced by carbon dioxide [18,19], ammonia and short-chain hydrocarbons, which were used earlier [20,21], as well as newly introduced low GWP HFOs [22,23]. Air-conditioning (AC), as another application field, is estimated separately for SAC and MAC.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Predicted Hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) and Perfluorocarbon (PFC) Emissions for the Years 2010–2050 in the Czech Republic

2023

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Hydrofluorocarbons and perfluorocarbons (F-gases) play a substantial role in global warming via the greenhouse effect and thus have been under increased investigation recently. EU member states, including the Czech Republic, already have measures limiting F-gas use based on their GWP such as EU regulation No. 517/2014. This manuscript explains the current status of F-gas emissions and describes a methodology of their estimation for the years 2010 to 2050. The computational method is based on the IPCC 2006 Guidelines. Currently available data, distribution of F-gases and active policies are crucial parameters for standard greenhouse gas emission estimates as well as for long-term projections. The outcomes demonstrate the effectiveness of the regulations implemented and provides a prediction scenario for how F-gas emissions will develop. According to these projections, a total F-gas emission decline is expected in the Czech Republic. For F-gas applications in refrigeration and air-conditioning, the predicted downward trend is more significant compared to the other F-gas application sectors, as they are currently some of the biggest contributors in the actual state of emissions.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicted Hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) and Perfluorocarbon (PFC) Emissions for the Years 2010–2050 in the Czech Republic

2023

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“…As a result, CFCs, HCFCs, and HFCs will be phased out in the near future due to their adverse effects on the environment. After 2010, the fourth generation of refrigerants (hydrofluoroolefins HFOs) was introduced with the main purpose of focusing on low GWP, low ODP, and short lifetime [ 38 ]. In addition to HFOs, hydrochlorofluorocarbon olefins (HCFOs) are also thought to have low ODP and extremely short life spans, as well as very low GWP.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Theoretical Comparative Study of Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle using Al2O3 Nanoparticle with Low-GWP Refrigerants

2022

Entropy

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Nanorefrigerant is a mixture of nanoparticles and pure refrigerant, which can increase heat transfer characteristics in refrigeration and air conditioning equipment. The performance of four different Al2O3 nanorefrigerants and their pure fluids (R600a, R134a, R1234yf, and R1233zd(E)) is analyzed in a vapor-compression refrigeration cycle. The enthalpy of a nanorefrigerant in the refrigeration cycle is calculated by using the prediction method based on the density of nanorefrigerant. A numerical model is established for the thermodynamic analysis, and the results show that adding nanoparticles to the pure refrigerant enhances heat transfer in heat exchangers, increases cooling capacity, reduces compressor power consumption, and finally improves the performance of the refrigeration system. The COP improvement of R1233zd(E) + Al2O3 nanorefrigerant is the highest, and the COP improvement of R134a + Al2O3 and R1234yf + Al2O3 are close to each other. When the mass fraction of Al2O3 nanoparticles increases to 0.30%, the COP of R1233zd(E) and R600a increases by more than 20%; the maximum exergy efficiency is 38.46% for R1233zd(E) + Al2O3, and the minimum exergy efficiency is 27.06% for pure R1234yf. The results provide a basis for the application of nanorefrigerants in the vapor compression refrigeration cycle.

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“…Table1 displays the GWP and ODP of various low GWP refrigerants. [3,7,8] TABLE 1. List of Low GWP refrigerants [3,7,8].…”

Section: Fourth Generation Refrigerants (2010 Onwards)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Boiling Heat Transfer of Low GWP Refrigerants: A Review

Ray¹

2022

JMEP

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The boiling heat transfer of low GWP (global warming potential) refrigerants, which are more environmentally benign, is studied in this work. Low GWP applications allow for greater freedom in the choice of suitable working fluids based on application and necessity. Human comfort demands increase as a result of the rapid pace of climate change in order to adapt to its negative effects. HVAC&R (Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration) is crucial for preserving the level of climate comfort in a closed space and its surrounds by using eco-friendly refrigerants. The purpose of this review is to provide a summary of significant studies on the application of low GWP refrigerants in boiling heat transfer, as well as a background on refrigerants and their many subtypes. Along with explaining the impacts of vpour quality, heat flux, and mass flux on pressure drop, this also discusses the implications of heat flux, mass flow, saturation temperature, and the heat transfer mechanism on the heat transfer coefficient.

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Progress in the development and use of refrigerants and unintended environmental consequences

Cited by 56 publications

References 143 publications

Predicted Hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) and Perfluorocarbon (PFC) Emissions for the Years 2010–2050 in the Czech Republic

Predicted Hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) and Perfluorocarbon (PFC) Emissions for the Years 2010–2050 in the Czech Republic

A Theoretical Comparative Study of Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle using Al2O3 Nanoparticle with Low-GWP Refrigerants

Boiling Heat Transfer of Low GWP Refrigerants: A Review

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