Progress in the Separation Processes for Rare Earth Resources

Zhang, Zhifeng; Jia, Qingxuan; Liao, Wuping

doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-63483-2.00004-1

Cited by 47 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 151 publications

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“…Sulfuric acid baking of Baotou mixed bastnasite/monazite concentrate was developed in the 1970's (Zhang et al, 2015). The Baotou rare earth ore has bastnasite:monazite ratios ranging from 9:1 to 1:1.…”

Section: Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Caustic digestion is used for high grade monazite concentrates whereas lower grade monazite concentrates tend to be processed via a sulfuric acid bake (Lucas et al, 2014). Sulfuric acid baking is currently used by the world's largest rare earth producer at Bayan Obo in China, for processing Baotou mixed bastnasite/monazite concentrate (Zhang et al, 2015), and also by Lynas Corporation for processing monazite concentrate from Mt. Weld, Australia (Lynas Corporation Ltd, 2011).…”

Section: Accepted Manuscript 1 Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sulfuric acid baking and leaching of rare earth elements, thorium and phosphate from a monazite concentrate: Effect of bake temperature from 200 to 800 °C

Demol

Senanayake

2018

Hydrometallurgy

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Monazite, a rare earth and thorium bearing phosphate mineral, is one of the major minerals used for the production of rare earth elements. Although sulfuric acid baking is one of the main processing routes for extraction of rare earth elements from monazite, the chemistry involved is not well understood. In this study, a combination of chemical analysis and standard characterisation techniques (XRD, SEM-EDS, FT-IR and TG-DSC) was used to identify reaction processes occurring during the sulfuric acid baking of monazite between 200 and 800°C. The effects of these reactions on the leachability of the rare earths, thorium and phosphate were also examined. It was observed that the sulfation reaction of monazite with acid was virtually complete after baking at 250°C for 2 h, resulting in >90% solubilisation of rare earth elements, thorium and phosphate. After baking at 300°C, a thorium phosphate type precipitate was formed during leaching, leading to a sharp decrease in extraction of thorium and phosphate, but the leaching of rare earth elements reached nearly 100%. The EDS and FT-IR analyses of this precipitate were indicative of a thorium pyrophosphate. As the bake temperature was further increased to 400-500°C, extraction of thorium, phosphorus and the rare earth elements decreased due to formation of insoluble thorium-rare earth polyphosphates. The formation of these polyphosphates is thought to be related to dehydration of orthophosphoric acid produced in the initial reaction of monazite with sulfuric acid. Between 650 and 800°C, monazite was partially re-formed, leading to a further decrease in rare earth extraction to 55%. The re-forming of monazite appeared to be due to a reaction between the thorium-rare earth polyphosphates and rare earth sulfates.

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Section: Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Accepted Manuscript 1 Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sulfuric acid baking and leaching of rare earth elements, thorium and phosphate from a monazite concentrate: Effect of bake temperature from 200 to 800 °C

Demol

Senanayake

2018

Hydrometallurgy

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“…The oxalates have a good crystallinity and high purity. However, due to the high price of oxalic acid, the resulting organic wastewater pollution, and the necessary thermal decomposition of the oxalates to oxides before further separation, the oxalate route is of minor industrial importance [21].…”

Section: Ree 3+mentioning

confidence: 99%

Extraction of Rare Earth Elements from Phospho-Gypsum: Concentrate Digestion, Leaching, and Purification

Brückner

Elwert

Schirmer

2020

Metals

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Rare earth-bearing gypsum tailings from the fertilizer industry are a potential source for an economically viable and sustainable production of rare earth elements. Large quantities are generated inter alia in Catalão, Brazil, as a by-product in a fertilizer production plant. Hitherto, the gypsum has been used as soil conditioner in agriculture or was dumped. The cooperative project, “Catalão Monazite: Economical exploitation of rare earth elements from monazite-bearing secondary raw materials,” intends to extract rare earth elements from these gypsum tailings. In this paper, a chemical process route to obtain a mixed rare earth carbonate from a monazite concentrate, was investigated. The results of the digestion, leaching, and precipitation experiments are presented and discussed herein. This includes reagent choice, process parameter optimization through experimental design, mineralogical characterization of the feed material and residues, purification of the leach solution, and precipitation of the rare earth as carbonates. The results showed that a rare earth extraction of about 90% without the mobilization of key impurities is possible during a sulfuric acid digestion with two heating stages and subsequent leaching with water. In the following purification step, the remaining impurities were precipitated with ammonium solution and the rare earth elements were successfully recovered as carbonates with a mixture of ammonium solution and ammonium bicarbonate.

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“…The rare‐earth elements collectively includes scandium ( z = 21), yttrium ( z = 39), and the lanthanide series ( z = 57), and are positioned in the periodic table of the elements having similar chemical and physical properties. The numerous applications of the lanthanides are due to their specific properties, especially their spectroscopic and magnetic properties, and involve the different areas of knowledge (coordination chemistry, organometallic compounds, luminescent compounds, catalysis, solid state chemistry, analytical chemistry, environmental, biology, and medicine) …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biosorption of lanthanum and samarium by viable and autoclaved mycelium of Botryosphaeria rhodina MAMB‐05

Giese

Dekker

Barbosa-Dekker

2019

Biotechnology Progress

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The ascomycetous fungus, Botryosphaeria rhodina MAMB-05, secretes a (1!3)(1!6)β-D-glucan, and the scaled-up production of this β-glucan results in large amounts of mycelial biomass being produced that represent a potentially cost-effective biosorbent for rare-earth elements. High sorption capacities for both La(III) and Sm(III) were demonstrated for viable and autoclaved lyophilized fungal mycelium. Fourier-transformed infra-red absorption spectra and the point of zero charge (PZC) were similar for the viable and inactive fungal mycelia. The rare-earth lanthanide elements (La and Sm) binding increased at initial pH values greater than 5.0, which was also observed for the PZC determination. The maximum La(III) uptake capacity was observed at lower amounts of La(III) ions in solution, decreasing from 100.0 to 25.3% when the initial lanthanide concentration increased from 15 to 100 mg/L. Lanthanide biosorption by B. rhodina MAMB-05 mycelia followed the Langmuir model, and the affinity of biosorbent functional groups was similar for La(III) and Sm(III). K E Y W O R D S biosorption, Botryosphaeria rhodina MAMB-05, Langmuir and Freundlich models, rare-earth elements

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Progress in the Separation Processes for Rare Earth Resources

Cited by 47 publications

References 151 publications

Sulfuric acid baking and leaching of rare earth elements, thorium and phosphate from a monazite concentrate: Effect of bake temperature from 200 to 800 °C

Sulfuric acid baking and leaching of rare earth elements, thorium and phosphate from a monazite concentrate: Effect of bake temperature from 200 to 800 °C

Extraction of Rare Earth Elements from Phospho-Gypsum: Concentrate Digestion, Leaching, and Purification

Biosorption of lanthanum and samarium by viable and autoclaved mycelium of Botryosphaeria rhodina MAMB‐05

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Progress in the Separation Processes for Rare Earth Resources

Cited by 47 publications

References 151 publications

Sulfuric acid baking and leaching of rare earth elements, thorium and phosphate from a monazite concentrate: Effect of bake temperature from 200 to 800 °C

Sulfuric acid baking and leaching of rare earth elements, thorium and phosphate from a monazite concentrate: Effect of bake temperature from 200 to 800 °C

Extraction of Rare Earth Elements from Phospho-Gypsum: Concentrate Digestion, Leaching, and Purification

Biosorption of lanthanum and samarium by viable and autoclaved mycelium of Botryosphaeria rhodina MAMB‐05

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Product

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Sulfuric acid baking and leaching of rare earth elements, thorium and phosphate from a monazite concentrate: Effect of bake temperature from 200 to 800 °C

Sulfuric acid baking and leaching of rare earth elements, thorium and phosphate from a monazite concentrate: Effect of bake temperature from 200 to 800 °C