Progress towards reliable free-space optical networks

Stotts, Larry B.; Plasson, Ned; Martin, Todd; Young, David W.; Juarez, Juan C.

doi:10.1109/milcom.2011.6127559

Cited by 15 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The OAGC provides low-noise optical amplification and stabilization, providing 40 dB of dynamic range while isolating optical detectors from high input power which can cause detector saturation or damage. Details of these components have been described separately in [2][3][4][5][6], and relevant performance characteristics are presented in this paper. …”

Section: Fsoc System Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Each HSM corresponds to a single hybrid terminal or user port and each router (containing up to five (5) HSMs) corresponds to a single node. 2 The network manages each hybrid communications link (i.e., a paired set of FSO and RF communication links) on the same HSM as a single communications link between the two network nodes.…”

Section: Network Subsystem Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this configuration, the networking subsystem is realized in the XIA hybrid-aware IP router and provides seamless integration of the RF and FSO subsystems to form hybrid communication links utilizing the attributes and strengths of each channel to meet the network availability and QoS requirements for the FOENEX network Figure 9.27 depicts the FOENEX Network Stack [6]. The FOENEX network system and associated network stack utilizes a layered approach to improving net- [2]. FOENEX free space optical experimental network experiment 9.5 Network System work availability.…”

Section: Network Architecturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…PER was evaluated by comparing Fig. 9.27 ORCA/FOENEX network stack capabilities and breakdown [2] traffic type and Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) service class against PER requirements for wireless IP systems. Results, as shown in Fig.…”

Section: Network Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since RF paths are relatively immune to the same phenomenology, combining the attributes of a bursty high data rate FSOC link with the attributes of a low data rate (by comparison), but reliable RF link could yield attributes better than either one alone. By adding to this mix the capabilities of retransmission by, and rerouting through, a high-speed network structure, the potential to create a communication system like a FOC system with high availability and high data rates is very possible [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hybrid Optical/Radio Frequency (RF) Communications

Andrews

Phillips

Bagley

et al. 2014

Advanced Free Space Optics (FSO)

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The concept of free-space optical communications (FSOC) has been around since the late 1960s. Lasers offered the potential for small transmitters and receivers with very high antenna gain (i.e., small transmitter spot sizes). Specifically, FSOC systems could be much more efficient and could provide orders of magnitude gains in data rate compared to a radio frequency (RF) system of the same size. Unfortunately in the 1970s and 1980s, much of the potential gain in efficiency was lost because of poor electrical-to-optical efficiency, poor optical detector efficiency, the increased transmitter spot sizes necessitated by transmitter pointing error limitations, and most importantly, link degradation from optical channel effects. The result was that the advantages of optical communications over RF communications were never realized for the past 40 years, except with one exception, fiber optical communications (FOC). This is because FOC technologies overcame the detector and efficiency problems cited above; laser light could be easily launched into fiber optic cable and FOC did not suffer the channel effects that plagued FSOC.1 The FOC technology break-through can help move FSOC systems into a reality if the FSOC channel effects can be overcome. The realization that the latter aspect is possible came from the realization that neither FSOC nor RF communications can provide totally reliable, multi-gigabit/tetrabit per second (Gbps/Tbps) communications like a FOC system by themselves. However, they have the potential to move towards that goal by working together in a network infrastructure [1]. That is, through a hybrid optical-RF networking construct. This can be clearly seen in Table 9.1. RF communications are generally reliable and well understood, but cannot support emerging data rate needs unless they use a large portion of the precious radio spectrum. On the other hand, FSO communications offer enormous data rates, but operate much more at the mercy of the environment. The perennial limitations of FSOC systems are directly attributable to signal fading/scintillation (optical turbulence) and path blocking (cloud obscuration) [1]. Both phenomena reduce the 1 FOC did have its own channel effects to deal with, but their resolution is a major success story that will not be covered here.

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Section: Fsoc System Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Network Subsystem Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Network Architecturementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Network Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hybrid Optical/Radio Frequency (RF) Communications

Andrews

Phillips

Bagley

et al. 2014

Advanced Free Space Optics (FSO)

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An Ad-Hoc Mesh Network for Flight-Deck Interval Management of Airplanes

Kanaya

Itoh

2017

Lecture Notes in Computer Science

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Performance Measurement of Free-Space Optical 980 nm Channel Using Multiple Sets of Environmental Conditions

Shah

Latiff

Riaz

2015

Wireless Pers Commun

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In this paper the performance of the free space optics (FSO) based communication link is investigated in hot and dry weather which is a common atmospheric condition in Pakistan. To measure the performance of connectivity at different day time, a portable test-bed setup is launched to describe the performance of 980 nm FSO in hot and dry weather at various distances with a large aparture of transmitter and receiver. This test bed is capable to evaluate performance in terms of data transmission and signal strength with bit error rate. The results show that perfect alignment is a main concern along with data transmission and signal strength. The transmission performance is different during the day and the night time. Moreover the results also show the performance of FSO at the indoor is up to the mark and very little or no jerks in the streaming data considering perfect alignment and a short distance. The FSO at short distance can be aligned perfectly without the alignment tools. However, for longer distance, it requires to be perfectly aligned with the tool. In case of perfect alignment and clear weather, the transfer rate is up to the mark, but the signal strength varies during the day and the night time which causes the delay in the transmission. The performance analysis shows that the improvement of transmission channel is possible at the night time.Keywords Free space optics (FSO) Á Enhanced avalanche photodiode (E-APD) Á Bit error rate (BER) Á Signal strength Á Received signal strength indication (RSSI)

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Progress towards reliable free-space optical networks

Cited by 15 publications

References 12 publications

Hybrid Optical/Radio Frequency (RF) Communications

Hybrid Optical/Radio Frequency (RF) Communications

An Ad-Hoc Mesh Network for Flight-Deck Interval Management of Airplanes

Performance Measurement of Free-Space Optical 980 nm Channel Using Multiple Sets of Environmental Conditions

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