“…The literature indicates that PBL is widely used in the education field (Al Mulhim & Eldokhny, 2020;Chen et al, 2019;Holmes & Hwang, 2016;Johnson et al, 2013;Rogers et al, 2011). It also reports that PBL can improve education outcomes, such as attitudes toward learning, motivation, academic achievement, self-assessment, self-directed learning, the learning of higher-order thinking skills, self-regulation skills, research skills, practical thinking, problemsolving skills, creativity, and collaboration (Al Mulhim & Eldokhny, 2020;Ardhyantama et al, 2020;Bilgin et al, 2015;Chen et al, 2019;English & Kitsantas, 2013;Mahasneh & Alwan, 2018;Dilekli, 2020;Wahyuningsih et al, 2021, Edy et al, 2020Yuliansyah & Ayu, 2021).…”