Projecting Soil C Under Future Climate and Land-Use Scenarios (Modeling)

Abstract

Soil carbon sequestration can be estimated from field to global scale using numerical 9 soil/ecosystem models. In this chapter we describe the structure and development of models 10 that have been widely used at international level, from simple models that include carbon 11 only to model that include descriptions of the dynamics of a range of nutrients. We also 12 present examples of the application from field to global scale of different models to answer a 13 range of different questions on the impact of land use and climate changes on soil carbon sequestration. A full discussion of the impact of soil carbon modelling on political and socio-economical aspects is included to emphasise the need of a close interaction between model developers, researchers, land owners/users and policy makers to ensure the development of robust approaches to climate change, food security and soil protection. Whatever type of models are used to meet future challenges, it is important that they continue to be tested using appropriate data, and that they are used in regions and for land uses where they have been developed and validated.

Social impact assessment in the mining industry

“…The complex approach to this issue is to identify the contribution of the mining sector to society over long periods of time [5]. It can be seen that it develops [10]:…”

“…But most organizations are involved in this approach as a condition of existence in the business environment. In the mining industry, the number of reports of involvement in sustainability is lower at the national level, but at the international level the implications are more numerous [5,7,[9][10][11].…”

“…Globally, a series of studies [8][9][10][11] have been carried out which present an inventory of social indicators in the mining industry. Some studies consider indicators related to the well-being of society.…”

A New Approach Using Modeling to Interpret Measured Changes in Soil Organic Carbon in Forests; The Case of a 200 Year Pine Chronosequence on a Podzolic Soil in Scotland

“…It is difficult to apply process based models in largescale simulations due to high computational costs and large information requirements (Dondini et al, 2018). They need to be either evaluated for the local conditions or applied with caution.…”

A review of the impact of mining operations on sustainable development

“…Globally, several investments have been made in this industry, but the inherited negative image is often an obstacle. It is shown that [7,8] over 80% of the world's largest companies in the extractive industry publish information on environmental, economic, and social performance [9]. This paper aims to assess the impact and implications of the mining industry on the objectives of sustainable development and reducing the footprint on the environment.…”