Projecting the impact of HAART on the evolution of HIV’s life history

Wallace, Robert G.

doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2003.06.007

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…HIV‐associated opportunistic infections (IOs) have been shown to be associated significantly with mortality, regardless of CD4 + T cell counts [Chaisson et al, ]. Since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), the incidence and the mortality rate of opportunistic infections have decreased markedly [Wallace, ]. Oral candidiasis (OC) is the most prevalent yeast infection in HIV‐positive subjects.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamics of T-cell subsets and their relationship with oral and systemic opportunistic infections in HIV/AIDS patients during the first year of HAART in Guangxi, China

et al. 2015

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To analyze the dynamic changes in Th1, Th2, Tc1, and Tc2 of HIV/AIDS patients during the first year of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and to explore their relationship with oral and systemic opportunistic infections, a cohort study was carried out among HIV/AIDS patients in Guangxi, China. Ninety HIV/AIDS patients and 30 healthy controls (HC) were included. The enrolled HIV/AIDS patients were examined at baseline and after 3, 6, and 12 months of HAART. On each visit, oral and systemic opportunistic infections were recorded, oral Candida load and plasma viral load (VL) were counted, differential T-cell counts and flow cytometric analysis of T-cell subsets were performed. During the first year of HAART, the total number of opportunistic infections decreased steadily with the change in oral candidiasis (OC) most representatively. A significant Th1→Th2 switch (Th1/Th2 ratio 0.23 ± 0.12, HC 1.45 ± 0.38) and slight Tc1→Tc2 shift (Tc1/Tc2 ratio 0.93 ± 0.29, HC 1.13 ± 0.33) were found at baseline, and both received slow mitigation after HAART. LgCFU and clinical OC were correlated positively with both LgVL and clinical stage (P < 0.05) at baseline. LgCFU was also correlated positively with clinical stage at all four time points (P < 0.05). In multiple factor analysis, Th1 was confirmed to be correlated negatively with LgVL (Std.B = -0.295, P = 0.025) and LgCFU (Std.B = -0.227, P < 0.001) at baseline. After HAART, LgCFU and clinical stage were only correlated negatively with CD4 when all factors were included. These results suggest that oral candidiasis and oral Candida load could be useful clinical markers in the evaluation of HIV/AIDS patients. Th1 may play an important role against oral and systemic opportunistic infections. Tc1 and Tc2 both showed positive roles in the control of viremia without HAART. J. Med. Virol. 87:1158-1167, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamics of T-cell subsets and their relationship with oral and systemic opportunistic infections in HIV/AIDS patients during the first year of HAART in Guangxi, China

et al. 2015

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“…An alternative evolutionary strategy for the virus would be to develop greater virulence (i.e. higher infectivity and a shortened or absent asymptomatic period) (Simon et al 2003;R.G. Wallace 2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…MDR-HIV is, in fact, rapidly becoming the norm, and the virus may even develop a far more virulent life history strategy in response to the evolutionary challenges presented by HAART, its successor microbicide strategies or planned vaccines (R.G. Wallace 2004), a circumstance which may have already been observed (e.g. Simon et al 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plague and power relations

Wallace¹

2007

Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography

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Public policy and economic practice, quintessential expressions of institutional cognition, create an opportunity structure constituting a tunable, highly patterned, 'non-white noise' in a generalized epidemiological stochastic resonance that can efficiently amplify unhealthy living and working conditions, particularly within highly concentrated, marginalized urban populations, to evoke infectious disease outbreaks. This is especially true for the infections carried by socially generated 'risk behaviours' which are usually adaptations to histories of resource deprivation or marginalization. A number of local epidemics originating in such ecological keystone communities may subsequently undergo a policy and structure-driven phase transition to become a coherent pandemic, a spreading plague which can entrain more affluent populations into the disease ecology of marginalization. We use this approach to contrast the ecological resilience of apartheid and egalitarian social systems, and apply these perspectives to the forthcoming social and geographical diffusion of multiple drug resistant (MDR) HIV from present AIDS epicentres to the rest of the United States.

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“…18,19 Many pathogens, meanwhile, plot their own paths, deriving solutions to interventions at one level of biocultural organization with adaptations at another. 20 As a result, pathogen evolution routinely fails to cooperate with market expectations and scientific hypotheses alike.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Did Neoliberalizing West African Forests Produce a New Niche for Ebola?

et al. 2015

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A recent study introduced a vaccine that controls Ebola Makona, the Zaire ebolavirus variant that has infected 28,000 people in West Africa. We propose that even such successful advances are insufficient for many emergent diseases. We review work hypothesizing that Makona, phenotypically similar to much smaller outbreaks, emerged out of shifts in land use brought about by neoliberal economics. The epidemiological consequences demand a new science that explicitly addresses the foundational processes underlying multispecies health, including the deep-time histories, cultural infrastructure, and global economic geographies driving disease emergence. The approach, for instance, reverses the standard public health practice of segregating emergency responses and the structural context from which outbreaks originate. In Ebola's case, regional neoliberalism may affix the stochastic "friction" of ecological relationships imposed by the forest across populations, which, when above a threshold, keeps the virus from lining up transmission above replacement. Export-led logging, mining, and intensive agriculture may depress such functional noise, permitting novel spillovers larger forces of infection. Mature outbreaks, meanwhile, can continue to circulate even in the face of efficient vaccines. More research on these integral explanations is required, but the narrow albeit welcome success of the vaccine may be used to limit support of such a program.

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Projecting the impact of HAART on the evolution of HIV’s life history

Cited by 10 publications

References 145 publications

Dynamics of T-cell subsets and their relationship with oral and systemic opportunistic infections in HIV/AIDS patients during the first year of HAART in Guangxi, China

Dynamics of T-cell subsets and their relationship with oral and systemic opportunistic infections in HIV/AIDS patients during the first year of HAART in Guangxi, China

Plague and power relations

Did Neoliberalizing West African Forests Produce a New Niche for Ebola?

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